The Indigenous World 2025: Peru
The Peruvian State recognizes 47 Indigenous languages, spoken by 55 different peoples. In the 2017 National Population Census, almost six million people (5,972,603) self-identified as belonging to an Indigenous or Native People, representing just over a quarter of the total population. Of these, 5,176,809 identified as Quechua and 548,292 as Aymara. The census population in the Amazonian region that self-identified as Asháninka, Awajún, Shipibo and other peoples totalled 197,667. Some 50,000 self-identified as belonging to other Indigenous or Native Peoples; however, census under-registration in the Amazon region is a known problem.
More than 20% of the national territory is covered by mining concessions, which overlap with 47.8% of the territory of the peasant communities. In the Peruvian Amazon, hydrocarbon concessions cover 75% of the region, affecting almost all villages. The overlapping of these concessions with communal territories, the enormous pressure from extractive industries and their polluting effects, the absence of land-use planning and the lack of effective prior consultation are all issues exacerbating the territorial and socio-environmental conflict in the country. Peru has signed and ratified ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous Peoples and voted in favour of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) in 2007.
This article is part of the 39th edition of The Indigenous World, a yearly overview produced by IWGIA that serves to document and report on the developments Indigenous Peoples have experienced. The photo above is of an Indigenous activist Funa-ay Claver, a Bontok Igorot, standing alongside Indigenous youth activists and others. They are protesting against the repressive laws and human rights violations suffered through the actions and projects of the Government of the Philippines and other actors against Indigenous Peoples at President Marcos Jr’s national address on 22 July 2024 in Quezon City, Philippines. The photo was taken by Katribu Kalipunan ng Katutubong Mamamayan ng Pilipinas and is the cover of The Indigenous World 2025 where this article is featured. Find The Indigenous World 2025 in full here
Declining public institutionality threatens Indigenous Peoples
Over the last year, the democratic crisis that the country has been going through only exacerbated the dismal decline in the country’s institutions. Following the repression, opportunism and political accommodation of President Dina Boluarte, the Executive granted the Congress of the Republic control of the State and Congress is now implementing an agenda that threatens Peru's ailing democracy. It represents a major threat to the Indigenous movement and its territories. Weeks prior to Eduardo Salhuana's election as current President of Congress in July 2024, a series of investigations were published linking him to different illegal mining actors in Madre de Dios, the region he represents. Illegal mining has devastated this region, where the southern Indigenous Amazonian territories have seen trafficking in women, contract killings and social control all take place with total impunity in illegal economies linked to mining and drug trafficking. The accusations against Salhuana come not only from sectors critical of extractivism. In November, a representative of large mining capital referred to the President of Congress’ links to illegal mining in a business forum,[1] and also pointed out that there was a multi-party coalition in the legislature promoting the interests of such activity.
In October 2023, Salhuana promoted a bill to build the Boca Manu - Boca Colorado highway,[2] a 96 kilometre long road that would endanger the territories of Indigenous Peoples in Isolation and Initial Contact (PIACI) as well as important Natural Protected Areas in the region. In April 2024, the Indigenous organization, ECA Amarakaeri, denounced such projects before the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII)[3] given that they are being systematically promoted by the coalition of parliamentarians that control Congress. And, indeed, in October of last year, the Interethnic Association for the Development of the Peruvian Rainforest (AIDESEP) denounced the promotion of a bill of law to restrict the application of the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR Court)[4] in Peru. Similarly, despite being rejected by Indigenous organizations, civil society, some public institutions and opposition congressmen/women, Law No. 31973, known as the Anti-Forest Law, was passed. According to the intercultural communication portal, Servindi, the law threatens the Amazon by making it easier to legalize the illegal deforestation that has occurred over the last 40 years.[5] In September, the “No to the Anti-Forest Law” campaign delivered more than 33,000 signatures to Congress demanding its repeal.[6]
The Congress of the Republic is not the only institution in clear decline, however. At the end of November, the Ombudsman's Office organized an event called the National Summit of Indigenous Peoples, which received severe criticism from different Indigenous institutions, such as the national Indigenous organization, AIDESEP, and others from civil society. The event was planned without prior coordination with the representative Indigenous organizations at the national and regional levels. The event was also not attended by any high-level government authorities. It was particularly noteworthy that, during the days of the event, agenda items linked to a particular sector of politicians and businesspeople were addressed. As such, public officials were presented stating that Indigenous Peoples in Voluntary Isolation and Initial Contact do not exist.[7] The event also questioned the representativeness of recognized Indigenous organizations such as AIDESEP, among others.
To explain an event like this, you need to understand that the current Ombudsman, a former congressman with no history of human rights or related work, was elected by the Congress of the Republic in spite of rulings made to the contrary by the Judiciary.[8] Not surprisingly, the so-called summit played more of a political role than an executive or resolutive one, which was how it was presented. This type of action acts as a warning sign with regard to the loss of space and allied institutions for defending and monitoring rights in the country.
In contrast, one of the more positive aspects of public institutions in Peru last year was the sentence handed down by the Judiciary to 10 of the 13 military personnel prosecuted in the so-called Manta and Vilca Case[9] for sexual violations during the internal armed conflict in Huancavelica. The ruling, coming more than 20 years after the complaint was filed, is in favour of nine Quechua-speaking women who suffered the attack when they were teenagers.
Awajún women denounce rape of children in state-run schools
The terrible situation of Indigenous girls and boys exposed to sexual aggression in state-run schools made it into the international media in 2024. The case that came to light was that of Awajún children in the northern Amazon. This time, Rosemary Pioc, President of the Awajún and Wampís Women's Council, publicly denounced the situation on national radio, stating that between 2010 and 2024, 524 cases of sexual abuse had been registered in the province of Condorcanqui,[10] all of them reported to the authorities of the Ministry of Education and the Judiciary. The Indigenous leader explained that, of this total, only 121 teachers had been removed from the classroom and more than 100 of the cases had been shelved. According to investigations, there have even been cases where the aggressors have infected the children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[11]
The serious nature of the complaint became even more tragic after the Minister of Education declared that the acts denounced corresponded to “a cultural practice aimed at exercising a form of family building”. These unfortunate utterances by the Minister were followed by similar words, this time from the Minister of Women and Vulnerable Populations. These outrageous and shameful statements provoked numerous responses from civil society and even the Congress of the Republic. The resignation of the Head of Education was called for and one congresswoman filed a criminal complaint against him. After an apology from the Head of the Education sector,[12] however, the incident was quietly dismissed.
The women of the Awajún Autonomous Territorial Government (GTAA) made a public announcement during their Third Congress,[13] in which they condemned the racist vision and prejudices of the national authorities, who frequently shift blame from the aggressor to the victim. At the initiative of the GTAA, an official territorial ordinance was issued that prohibits marriages and unions with minors, as well as engagements between students and teachers. Likewise, in view of the inoperability of the national justice system in cases such as that of the Awajún children, the GTAA has announced the drafting of an Awajún Code of Justice, Awajún Code of Community Coexistence and Awajún Code of Criminal Procedure to guarantee the administration of Indigenous justice in their territory.
The Indigenous movement in the face of advancing illegal economies
The economic and political power of large illegal economies, mainly drug trafficking, logging and mining, is burgeoning. The power these economies wield can be seen in the organizational level of their structures, the bloodiness of their actions and the impunity that shields their crimes.
The complex and powerful apparatus behind these economies views Indigenous Peoples as an obstacle to their business. Since 2013, 35 Indigenous defenders have been killed as a result of these activities.[14] In July 2024, 24 days after disappearing, the body of Kakataibo leader Mariano Isacama Feliciano was found in the Ucayali region, showing clear signs of torture and a gunshot wound, thus putting this sad statistic back on the agenda. Isacama, a member of the Native Federation of Kakataibo Communities (FENACOKA), had been receiving death threats for a year prior to his murder due to his opposition to the opening of a road through the forest of the Kakataibo territory by drug traffickers. According to AIDESEP, he is the sixth Kakataibo leader to be killed by illegal loggers or drug traffickers.[15] Alongside the Kakataibo, the Shipibo, Asháninka and Kichwa are the ethnic groups with the highest number of murders due to illegal logging or drug trafficking. For its part, the Regional Organization AIDESEP Ucayali (ORAU), currently holds a register of 28 Indigenous leaders and rights defenders who are under threat in the regions of Huánuco, Pasco and Ucayali.[16] Peru's Ministry of Justice and Human Rights has initiated a Protection System but this has been severely criticized by civil society and Indigenous organizations. According to Global Witness, Peru is among the 10 most dangerous countries in Latin America for environmental leaders.[17]
And, meanwhile, the threats continue. A major year-long investigation by Mongabay Latam, in association with Earth Genome, detected 128 drug trafficking runways for illegal landings in six regions of the Peruvian Amazon. Of these, 31, or 25%, were in Atalaya province, territory of the Asháninka, Ashéninka, Yine and Kichwa peoples, among others.
AIDESEP's Vice-President, Miguel Guimaraes, pointed out that, in the absence of any intervention by the Peruvian State, the Indigenous Peoples have “no choice but to resort to increasingly dangerous forms of self-defence”.[18]
To the north of the Amazon, illegal mining and logging are also a constant threat in the territory of the Autonomous Territorial Government of the Wampís Nation (GTANW). Thanks to its self-defence strategies, ranging from the exercise of autonomy through to Indigenous justice, the GTANW has patrolled rivers, expelled illegal miners and evicted illegal loggers and gold extractors from areas. In April 2024, GTANW arrested members of the Peruvian National Police (PNP) who were involved in illegal gold mining activities[19] and handed them over to the State authorities. In December, the GTANW's Socio-environmental Control and Surveillance Group, known as “Charip”, seized a large quantity of 16-calibre munitions, valued at 18,000 soles (more than USD 4,000), suspected of being linked to criminal structures involved in the illegal mining invasion.
Climate change, increasing forest fires and misguided public policies
In terms of the impacts of climate change on Indigenous territories, the breathtaking increase in forest fires in the Andean zones, and even in the Amazonian territories, of Peru has raised alarms. Figures from the National Emergency Operations Centre (COEN) show that the growth has been massive: from 664 fires officially registered nationally in 2019, it had escalated to 2,164 fires by August 2024,[20] although Global Forest Watch puts it as high as 3,411. According to the Ministry of the Environment, there have been more than 39,000 of these disasters in the last 24 years.
This emergency situation is even occurring in the Amazon’s tropical rainforests.[21] Global warming, in the form of seasons comprised of very hot days and less rainfall, generates the conditions and hot spots necessary for the occurrence of these disasters. Both authorities and specialists point to the main cause of these fires being human activity.
According to figures from the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), some 243,000 children and adolescents are suffering the effects of forest fires in Peru.[22] In addition, 317 schools are reported to be at high risk from such fires and drought, and more than 20,000 hectares of crops have been damaged.
The consequences in 2024 were terrible. According to the National Institute of Civil Defence (INDECI), 20 people died as a result of fires and some 150 were injured. Between July and September, an estimated 5,000 hectares of forest were destroyed.[23] These fires also have consequences for the wildlife in these areas, where 4,347 injured animals have been identified, although the actual number killed or injured cannot be accurately determined.[24]
This is not the only impact, however. Specialists warn that forests devastated by fires become breeding grounds for illegal mining and coca cultivation. And, although the anthropogenic causes of these disasters have been noted, the responsibility of the agricultural authorities has also been highlighted, as they should be adapting their public policies to climate change and promoting less risky practices in the face of the increasing hot spots in the Andean and Amazonian areas. Similarly, as AIDESEP pointed out in a September statement,[25] the approval of aggressive forestry policies, such as the so-called “Anti-Forest Law”, only increases the exposure to these disasters by promoting deforestation, forest degradation and by failing to contribute to a mitigation of global warming and climate change.
Indigenous youth and ownership of communications
At some point at the end of the last century, the dominance of mass media and the technologization of communications could have represented a difficult gap for Indigenous Peoples (and not only at the grassroots level) to overcome. Now, however, any process of Indigenous struggle or resistance, strategy-building, political advocacy, preservation of memory or other similar political action finds a fundamental way of working in the field of communication, in dialogue with territorial principles and values.
In Peru and other areas of the Amazon, there are a series of deficits linked to factors such as infrastructure and accessibility (among others) that hinder a better and more consolidated use of communications tools. In spite of this, through inventiveness and commitment, and also through a freer and more autonomous concept of communications and how to use them Indigenous Peoples have overcome these limitations. The history of radio in the Indigenous movement is a case in point. In this sense, current experiences demonstrate the strategic role of radio, not only as a sound and information product but also, in its contemporary version, associated with audiovisual and network production.
Through its Directorate of Transport and Communications, the Autonomous Territorial Government of the Wampís Nation has been developing its School of Autonomous Communication since 2019. Here, young men and women are trained and apply their knowledge in a practical way through Radio Tuntui Wampís (FM 94.7), GTANW's own radio station that began broadcasting in 2018.[26] The Wampís youth who participate in this school are trained in radio and audiovisual production, in addition to acquiring skills in voice-over, scriptwriting, and other related activities aimed at creating a network of communicators.
This work of the Wampís youth takes place in coordination with the leadership training that is provided through the Sharian School of Leaders. One example of this associated training work can be seen in the video clip Iña Nunke (Our Territory),[27] published in 2022, which has been viewed over 5,000 times. The production has had a significant international impact.
In the territory of the Kukama people, Radio Ucamara has produced a series of video clips with young people in the city of Nauta[28] combining musical production, political reflection and Indigenous knowledge. To date, the Kukama youth have produced around 20 video clips in which they address issues related to their own knowledge and language, the river, and the defence of their territory, among others. Successes such as “Kumarikira” (2013), with 135,000 views, or “Mauta” (2022), with more than 6,000, are produced using a process that the radio has been working on for more than 10 years and which, depending on the case, links children, young people, and the men and women elders of the Kukama people. The video clip format is thus coordinated with the work of the radio station, which includes not only news but also workshops for the recovery of the Kukama language and a political agenda for defending the territory against the extractive threats in the area.
In addition, around 80 young men and women from the Kichwa of the Tigre, the Quechua of the Pastaza, the Achuar of the Río Corrientes and the Kukama of the Marañón have made short documentaries with the aim of building capacity in order to form a network of Indigenous communicators that can be linked to the work of their Indigenous federations, grouped into the PUINAMUDT platform.[29] [30] The network continues to be consolidated, as the young people continue their training in technical communications skills as well as leadership. It should be noted that, as part of another production line, the short film “Para remediar el daño: Vigilancia Indígena del Territorio” [To remedy the damage: Indigenous Surveillance of the Territory] was released in 2024 and was selected for several film festivals. In December, it won the Public Prize at the Masuku Nature & Environment Film Festival, held in France.
The efforts and products of these new communication practices tends to come from the Indigenous youth, probably linked to generational aspects in which they see opportunities for closer participation. In this light, we wish to highlight the production of videos[31] and a series of podcasts produced by AIDESEP,[32] which offer an important variety of topics to reflect on the contemporary problems of the Indigenous movement in Peru, as well as the Indigenous initiatives aimed at overcoming them.
Hand in hand with political and territorial agendas but with the freshness offered by the dynamics of the new media, communication is being consolidated as a new tool for action and resistance among Indigenous youth.
Renato Pita studied art at the Escuela Nacional Superior Autónoma de Bellas Artes del Perú and completed their postgraduate studies on the Master’s course in Social Communication at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. They have been working in the Loreto region of the Peruvian Amazon for 14 years on issues related to Indigenous Peoples, interculturalism and art.
This article is part of the 39th edition of The Indigenous World, a yearly overview produced by IWGIA that serves to document and report on the developments Indigenous Peoples have experienced. The photo above is of an Indigenous activist Funa-ay Claver, a Bontok Igorot, standing alongside Indigenous youth activists and others. They are protesting against the repressive laws and human rights violations suffered through the actions and projects of the Government of the Philippines and other actors against Indigenous Peoples at President Marcos Jr’s national address on 22 July 2024 in Quezon City, Philippines. The photo was taken by Katribu Kalipunan ng Katutubong Mamamayan ng Pilipinas and is the cover of The Indigenous World 2025 where this article is featured. Find The Indigenous World 2025 in full here
Notes and references
[1] CooperAcción. (26 September 2024). Ejecutivo de minera Poderosa acusa a presidente del Congreso de vínculos con la minería ilegal. https://cooperaccion.org.pe/ejecutivo-de-minera-poderosa-acusa-a-presidente-del-congreso-de-vinculos-con-la-mineria-ilegal/
[2] Daniela Valdivia Blume. “Alerta ambiental: Congreso impulsa ley que amenazaría Pueblos Indígenas aislados y áreas naturales protegidas”. Infobae, 08 November 2023. https://www.infobae.com/peru/2023/11/08/alerta-ambiental-congreso-impulsa-ley-que-amenazaria-pueblos-indigenas-aislados-y-areas-naturales-protegidas/
[3] “ONU: indígenas advierten que Estado peruano promueve proyectos extractivos y viales en territorios ancestrales”. Actualidad Ambiental, 17 April 2024. https://www.actualidadambiental.pe/indigenas-advierten-en-al-onu-que-estado-promueve-proeyctos-en-territorios-ambientales/
[4] AIDESEP. (07 October 2024). Congreso amenaza derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas al buscar limitar la jurisprudencia internacional. https://aidesep.org.pe/noticias/congreso-amenaza-derechos-de-los-pueblos-indigenas-al-buscar-limitar-la-jurisprudencia-internacional/
[5] “Resumen 2024: logros, avances y retrocesos”. Servindi, 28 December 2024. https://www.servindi.org/seccion-pueblos-indigenas-actualidad-noticias/27/12/2024/logros-avances-y-retrocesos-de-2024
[6] Alejandra Thais. “Diez historias ambientales que marcaron el 2024: Lo más leído en Inforegión”. Inforegión, 30 December 2024. https://inforegion.pe/diez-historias-ambientales-que-marcaron-el-2024-lo-mas-leido-en-inforegion/
[7] Jazmine Angulo. “’No existen no contactados’: magistrado del Tribunal Constitucional pone en duda la presencia de los PIACI en la Amazonía peruana”. Infobae, 26 November 2024.
[8] “Golpe a la ciudadanía: fujicerronismo toma la Defensoría del Pueblo”. Servindi, 17 May 2023. https://www.servindi.org/actualidad-noticias/17/05/2023/golpe-la-ciudadania-fujicerronismo-toma-la-defensoria-del-pueblo
[9] “Sentencian a militares por violaciones sexuales”. Servindi, 16 June 2024. https://www.servindi.org/actualidad-noticias/19/06/2024/sentencian-militares-por-violaciones-sexuales
[10] Bibiana Guardamino Soto. “Denuncian que 423 docentes acusados de violencia sexual contra escolares awajún en Amazonas siguen dictando clases”. Infobae, 31 May 2024. https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/05/31/denuncian-que-423-docentes-acusados-de-violencia-sexual-contra-escolares-awajun-en-amazonas-siguen-dictando-clases/
[11] Luis Paucar. “Ministro de Educación desata ola de repudio al sugerir que agresiones sexuales contra niñas awajún pueden ser una ‘práctica cultural’”. Infobae, 13 June 2024. https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/06/13/ministro-de-educacion-desata-ola-de-repudio-al-sugerir-que-agresiones-sexuales-contra-ninas-awajun-pueden-ser-una-practica-cultural/
[12] Verónica Calderón. “El ministro de Educación de Perú se disculpa tras referirse a violaciones contra niñas en comunidad indígena como ‘prácticas culturales’”. CNN Español, 20 June 2024. https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2024/06/20/ministro-educacion-peru-disculpa-violaciones-ninas-indigenas-practicas-culturales-orix
[13] Gobierno Territorial Autónomo Awajún. “!!Pronunciamiento de las lideresas del Gobierno Territorial Autónomo Awajún!!” Facebook, 23 June 2024. https://www.facebook.com/gtaawajun/videos/868811645089237/
[14] Daniela Valdivia Blume. “Perú no cuenta con programas de apoyo para hijos de líderes indígenas asesinados: organizaciones exigen al Estado atender esta demanda”. Infobae, 19 July 2024.
[15] Fiorella Montaño. “Tala ilegal y narcotráfico: las economías ilícitas que más acechan a defensores de la Amazonía”. Ojo Público, 21 July 2024. https://ojo-publico.com/ambiente/territorio-amazonas/la-tala-ilegal-y-narcotrafico-acechan-los-defensores-la-amazonia
[16] “Mongabay Latam. Los vuelos de la muerte: líderes indígenas asesinados en un territorio invadido por 67 narcopistas”. Mongabay, 12 November 2024. https://es.mongabay.com/custom-story/2024/11/los-vuelos-de-la-muerte-lideres-indigenas-asesinados-6-narcopistas/
[17] “Perú entre los países más peligrosos para defensores ambientales, según Global Witness”. Actualidad Ambiental, 11 September 2024. https://www.actualidadambiental.pe/defensores-ambientales-global-witness/#:~:text=Per%C3%BA%20entre%20los%20pa%C3%ADses%20m%C3%A1s%20peligrosos%20para%20defensores%20ambientales%2C%20seg%C3%BAn%20Global%20Witness,-mi%C3%A9rcoles%2011%20de&text=Durante%202023%2C%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina%20fue,con%20m%C3%A1s%20asesinatos%20de%20de
[18] Miguel Guimaraes Vasquez y Herlín Odicio Estrella. “Amazonia en emergencia: un mandato de acción desde los Pueblos Indígenas”. El País, 24 October 2024. https://elpais.com/america-futura/2024-10-24/amazonia-en-emergencia-un-mandato-de-accion-desde-los-pueblos-indigenas.html
[19] Diego Benavente. “Denuncian complicidad de policías con minería ilegal en el río Santiago: Wampís exigen urgente investigación, sanciones e interdicción”. Nación Wampís, 03 December 2024. https://nacionwampis.com/denuncian-complicidad-de-policias-con-mineria-ilegal-en-el-rio-santiago-wampis-exigen-urgente-investigacion-sanciones-e-interdiccion/
[20] Government of Peru. (16 August 2024). Minam identifica regiones con riesgo para incendios forestales. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/minam/noticias/1004699-minam-identifica-regiones-con-riesgo-para-incendios-forestales
[21] Jonathan Hurtado y Fiorella Montaño. “Incendios forestales se duplican en Perú y no existe un plan de acción”. Ojo Público, 22 October 2023. https://ojo-publico.com/4725/incendios-forestales-se-duplican-y-no-existe-un-plan-prevencion
[22] UNICEF. Incendios forestales en Perú. https://www.unicef.org/peru/incendios-forestales-en-peru
[23] Carlos Espinoza. “Incendios forestales en Perú: sube a 20 el número de fallecidos, 150 heridos y cuantiosos daños en cultivos”. Infobae, 24 September 2024. https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/09/22/los-incendios-de-peru-dejan-ya-20-muertos-y-5000-hectareas-arrasadas/
[24] Renzo Gómez Vega. “La propagación de incendios forestales en Perú deja 15 muertos y miles de hectáreas arrasadas”. El País, 17 September 2024. https://elpais.com/america/2024-09-17/la-propagacion-de-incendios-forestales-en-peru-deja-15-muertos-y-miles-de-hectareas-arrasadas.html
[25] AIDESEP. (18 December 2024). Pronunciamiento: Exigimos acciones contundentes para controlar incendios forestales que generan muertes y destrucción. https://aidesep.org.pe/noticias/pronunciamiento-exigimos-acciones-contundentes-para-controlar-incendios-forestales-que-generan-muertes-y-destruccion/
[26] Evaristo Pujupat Shirap. “’Radio Wampis 94.7 FM señal indígena’ una nueva alternativa para mejorar la comunicación. Nación Wampís, 04 December 2028. https://nacionwampis.com/radio-wampis-94-7-fm-senal-indigena-una-nueva-alternativa-para-mejor-servicio-a-la-comunicacion/
[27] GTA Wampís. Iña Ñunke – Nuestro Territorio. YouTube, 06 December 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JywwXj5kpls
[28] Radio Ucamara. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-2K-uRm35E4CjiZXrgRx5wVvTJt7i0el
[29] PUINAMUD Loreto. YouTube. //www.youtube.com/@puinamudtloreto3031/videos">https://www.youtube.com/@puinamudtloreto3031/videos
[30] See observatoriopetrolero.org
[31] AIDESEP Communications. YouTube. //www.youtube.com/@comunicacionesaidesep9021/playlists">https://www.youtube.com/@comunicacionesaidesep9021/playlists
[32] AIDESEP. Soundcloud. https://soundcloud.com/aidesep/tracks
Tags: Youth, Business and Human Rights , Climate, Human rights
