The Indigenous World 2025: Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

Written on 25 April 2025. Posted in Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

 The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)^[1] is an international treaty under the UN, adopted in 1992. The CBD has three overall objectives: to conserve biodiversity, promote its sustainable use, and ensure the equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources (Art. 1). The CBD recognizes the importance of traditional knowledge (Art. 8j) and customary sustainable use of biological resources (Art. 10c) for the achievement of its objectives. There are 196 Parties to the CBD.^[2]

The CBD has developed programmes of work^[3] on thematic issues such as marine, agricultural and forest biodiversity, and on cross-cutting issues such as traditional knowledge, access to genetic resources, and protected areas. All the programmes of work have a direct impact on Indigenous Peoples’ rights and territories.

The International Indigenous Forum on Biodiversity (IIFB)^[4] was established in 1996 during the 3^rd Conference of the Parties (COP 3) as the Indigenous Peoples’ caucus in the CBD processes. Since then, the IIFB has worked as a coordination mechanism to facilitate Indigenous participation in, and advocacy at, the CBD through preparatory meetings, capacity-building activities, and other interventions. The IIFB has managed to get many of the CBD’s programmes of work to consider Indigenous Peoples’ traditional knowledge, as well as their customary use of biodiversity and effective participation.

In 2010, the 10^th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP 10)^[5] adopted the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity^[6] and the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, which included the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets to halt the global loss of biodiversity by 2020.^[7] Concluded in 2020, none of these Targets were met.

In 2022, at the 15^th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP 15), the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF)^[8] was adopted after a long and postponed negotiation process. The KMGBF consists of four long-term Goals to be achieved by 2050 and 23 action-oriented Targets to be completed by 2030. Overall, the purpose of the KMGBF is to steer the world’s efforts towards halting and reversing the ongoing global loss of biodiversity by 2030 and ensure a “world living in harmony with nature” by 2050. The KMGBF acknowledges in an unprecedented manner the important contributions and roles of Indigenous Peoples in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and obligates CBD Parties to a human rights-based implementation of the Framework. Indigenous Peoples are explicitly mentioned in two paragraphs of the KMGBF, especially Section C; in one of the four Goals (Goal C); and in seven of the 23 Targets (Targets 1, 3, 5, 9, 19, 21 and 22).^[9]

This article is part of the 39^th edition of The Indigenous World, a yearly overview produced by IWGIA that serves to document and report on the developments Indigenous Peoples have experienced. The photo above is of an Indigenous activist Funa-ay Claver, a Bontok Igorot, standing alongside Indigenous youth activists and others. They are protesting against the repressive laws and human rights violations suffered through the actions and projects of the Government of the Philippines and other actors against Indigenous Peoples at President Marcos Jr’s national address on 22 July 2024 in Quezon City, Philippines. The photo was taken by Katribu Kalipunan ng Katutubong Mamamayan ng Pilipinas and is the cover of The Indigenous World 2025 where this article is featured. Find The Indigenous World 2025 in full here

Following the adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) at the 15^th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD COP 15) in 2022,^[10] multiple processes were initiated of significant importance to Indigenous Peoples to ensure the effective implementation of the KMGBF.

The KMGBF as contained in the annex to Decision 15/4^[11] was adopted at COP 15, in conjunction with other crucial decisions, to support the implementation of the Framework. These include, inter alia, Decision 15/5^[12] on the monitoring framework for the KMGBF; Decision 15/6^[13] on the mechanisms for planning, monitoring, reporting and review (PMRR); Decision 15/7^[14] on resource mobilization; and Decision 15/9^[15] on digital sequence information on genetic resources. In 2024, the process of advancing these decisions continued conjointly with the implementation of the KMGBF, which all CBD Parties committed to initiating following COP 15, and also other crucial issues to be developed ahead of COP 16 held in October in Cali, Colombia.

Key events leading up to COP 16

The monitoring framework and indicators of the KMGBF

At COP 15, Decision 15/5^[16] adopted the monitoring framework of the KMGBF comprising a set of indicators for tracking the progress towards the Goals and Targets of the KMGBF. The indicators in the monitoring framework were incomplete, and a missing headline indicator for Target 22^[17] was identified as one of the critical gaps. To ensure the further development and operationalization of the monitoring framework, Decision 15/5 established the Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group (AHTEG) on Indicators with a time-bound mandate to provide technical advice and guidance on the remaining and unresolved issues.^[18] Decision 15/5 further invited the Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group on Article 8(j) and related provisions^[19] to: “continue the development and operationalization of indicators related to traditional knowledge and Indigenous Peoples and local communities, and to report on this work to the Conference of the Parties”.^[20]

The indicators under Article 8(j) and related provisions include:

(a) Linguistic diversity;

(b) Land-use change and land tenure in the traditional territories of Indigenous and local communities;

(c) Trends in the practice of traditional occupations;

(d) The full and effective participation of Indigenous and local communities.”

The AHTEG on Indicators met a total of four times in 2023.^[21] In 2024, the AHTEG met twice^[22] in advance of the 26^th meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA-26).

Prior to the 6^th meeting of the AHTEG in March 2024, an Expert Workshop on the Traditional Knowledge Indicators took place in Cambridge, UK. The workshop was organized as a response to recommendations from the 12^th meeting of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group on Article 8(j) and related provisions,^[23] and proposed ways of highlighting the relevance of the traditional knowledge indicators for the Goals and Targets of the KMGBF, and the potential disaggregation of headline indicators.^[24]

The expert workshop brought together over 30 participants, including members of the AHTEG on Indicators, Indigenous experts on indicators from the International Indigenous Forum on Biodiversity (IIFB) and expert individuals and organizations working on the development and use of traditional knowledge indicators. These included the Indigenous Navigator,^[25] the International Partnership for the Satoyama Initiative, the International Land Coalition, One World Analytics, University of Michigan, University of Melbourne, the International Labour Organization (ILO), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), LandMark and Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON). Experts discussed methodological, technical and practical considerations on how the traditional knowledge indicators can be integrated into the monitoring framework, and how these can contribute towards strengthening local, national and global data platforms and statistics relevant for Indigenous Peoples and local communities.

The 26^th meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA-26)

At SBSTTA-26, held in Nairobi from 13-18 May 2024, further developments were made on advancing the monitoring framework and indicators. The scientific and technical review of the four traditional knowledge indicators^[26] underlined that these comprise a holistic suite of indicators to monitor the Goals and Targets of the KMGBF and the new proposed Programme of Work on Article 8(j). The four indicators contribute to operationalizing KMGBF Section C,^[27] are cross-cutting in nature, and crucial for applying the whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach. Furthermore, it was concluded that the traditional knowledge indicator on land-use change and land tenure meets the criteria for a headline indicator.^[28] SBSTTA-26^[29] made the recommendation to add a headline indicator for Target 22 on land-use change and land tenure in the traditional territories of Indigenous Peoples and local communities.

The 4^th and 5^th meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Implementation (SBI-4 and SBI-5)

SBI-4^[30] was held in Nairobi from 21-29 May and discussed important elements such as direct access to financing and the contributions of non-market-based approaches, including community-based natural resource management under the agenda item on resource mobilization.^[31] Furthermore, SBI-4 made key recommendations on the mechanisms for planning, monitoring, reporting and review^[32] including, inter alia, on the template for the 7^th and 8^th national reports due by 28 February 2026 and 30 June 2029, respectively, and on the global review to be conducted by COP 17 and COP 19, which will assess the collective progress towards the KMGBF.

In Decision 15/6,^[33] countries committed to submitting their National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) by COP 16. At SBI-5,^[34] held prior to COP 16 from 16-18 October 2024 in Cali, Colombia, which adopted the recommendation^[35] containing the review of progress in national target setting and NBSAPs, it was noted that only 31 countries had submitted their updated NBSAPs. Parties that had submitted national targets were also listed and reached a total of 103.

TRUA – World Summit on Traditional Knowledge Related to Biodiversity

From 26-29 August 2024, more than 150 leaders of Indigenous Peoples from all seven socio-cultural regions and government representatives met in Bogotá, Colombia at the World Summit on Traditional Knowledge related to Biodiversity, TRUA^[36] in preparation for COP 16. The summit was jointly organized by the IIFB, the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development of Colombia, the Mesa Permanente de Concertación con los Pueblos y Organizaciones Indígenas de Colombia (MPC) and the Indigenous Women’s Biodiversity Network (IWBN), in collaboration with the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the Fund for the Development of Indigenous Peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean (FILAC). The overall objective of the TRUA Summit was to leverage the focus on traditional knowledge and Indigenous Peoples’ and local communities’ contributions to the KMGBF and the Paris Agreement.

The summit resulted in important recommendations^[37] for consideration by the Parties to the CBD at COP 16 on the following:

• Implementation - The important roles and contributions of Indigenous Peoples and local communities as custodians of biodiversity and as partners in the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of biodiversity must be recognized when implementing the KMGBF, pursuant to Section C of the KMGBF. Furthermore, to respect, document and preserve the traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity, innovations, worldviews, values and practices of Indigenous Peoples and local communities with their Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC).
• Subsidiary Body on Article 8(j) – The establishment of a Subsidiary Body on Article 8(j) (SB8j) at COP16 to inter alia, promote the full implementation of Article 8(j), to ensure the full, active and effective participation of Indigenous Peoples and guidance on the implementation of Target 3.^[38] Creating a high-level institutional space will ensure that the CBD meets its objectives and the effective implementation of the KMGBF.
• New Programme of Work on Article 8(j) – Decision 15/10^[39] of COP 15 decided to develop a new Programme of Work on Article 8(j) and other provisions related to Indigenous Peoples and local communities. The TRUA Summit recommended the new Programme of Work on Article 8(j) be adopted at COP16.
• Synergies between the Convention on Biological Diversity and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) – To promote a holistic view of biodiversity loss and climate change impacts; and increase the visibility of Indigenous Peoples and local communities and their role in the conservation of biodiversity and climate action.

The 16^th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP 16)

COP 16 was held from 21 October to 1 November 2024 in Cali, Colombia. Two weeks of intense negotiations resulted in major victories for Indigenous Peoples and their rights. The meeting, which ran over time until the early hours of 2 November, was suspended due to a loss of quorum. Crucial elements, including the agenda items on the monitoring framework,^[40] resource mobilization^[41] and the planning, monitoring, reporting and review (PMRR),^[42] had to be postponed until the resumed COP 16.2 in Rome 25-27 February 2025.^[43]

Article 8(j)

The agenda item on Article 8(j) and related provisions was by far the most important issue for Indigenous Peoples on the agenda for COP 16. The item was divided into five sub-items and subsequently adopted as five separate COP-decisions.^[44] The historic decision to establish a permanent Subsidiary Body on Article 8(j)-SB8(j)^[45] was made at the plenary on 31 October 2024 after major and consistent efforts by the IIFB. Issues related to Article 8(j) had thus far been addressed in the Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group on 8(j) which, despite being an ad hoc temporary body, had existed for more than 20 years. The decision to create the SB8(j) as a permanent advisory body to the COP alongside the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA) and the Subsidiary Body on Implementation (SBI) of the CBD underpins the crucial contributions of Indigenous Peoples to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.^[46]

Another key victory for the IIFB and Indigenous Peoples at COP 16 was the adoption of the new Programme of Work on Article 8(j)^[47] to 2030. It contains eight elements and specific tasks. These elements are:

• Conservation and restoration;
• Sustainable use of biodiversity;
• Sharing of benefits from the utilization of genetic resources and digital sequence information on genetic resources, as well as traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources;
• Knowledge and culture;
• Strengthening implementation and monitoring progress;
• Full and effective participation of Indigenous Peoples and local communities;
• Human rights-based approach;
• Access, including direct access, to funding for Indigenous Peoples and local communities for the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of biodiversity.

A decision recognizing the contributions of people of African descent, comprising collectives embodying traditional lifestyles, in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity was also adopted.^[48]

Digital sequence information on genetic resources

The COP also adopted a decision on digital sequence information (DSI) on genetic resources,^[49] which operationalized the multilateral mechanisms for fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of DSI, by establishing the Cali Fund. The decision acknowledged the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) and recognized Indigenous Peoples’ vital role in the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources. This voluntary fund will enable large companies who commercially benefit from the use of DSI to contribute 1% of their profits or 0.1% of their revenue. At least half of the funds mobilized through the Cali Fund should support Indigenous Peoples and local communities through either government authorities or direct payments through institutions identified by Indigenous Peoples and local communities.^[50]

The monitoring framework and indicators

Ahead of COP 16, the draft decision on the monitoring framework was taken from SBSTTA-26 recommendation 26/1.^[51] During COP 16 negotiations, important progress was made to update the monitoring framework and complete the indicators. The traditional knowledge indicator on land-use change and land tenure was included as headline indicator for Target 22 in the draft decision,^[52] thus enabling monitoring of the security of land tenure of Indigenous Peoples and land-use change on their traditional lands and territories. When adopted, it will be mandatory for Parties to the CBD to monitor the status of implementation of these indicators in national reports. Furthermore, the draft decision recognizes the contributions of community-based monitoring and information systems for providing grounded data and information on local outcomes as complementary to national and global statistics and satellite information.^[53]

This article has been written by Joji Cariño, Senior Policy Advisor, Forest Peoples Programme (FPP) and Silje Heldt Zaltzman, Advisor, International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA).

This article is part of the 39^th edition of The Indigenous World, a yearly overview produced by IWGIA that serves to document and report on the developments Indigenous Peoples have experienced. The photo above is of an Indigenous activist Funa-ay Claver, a Bontok Igorot, standing alongside Indigenous youth activists and others. They are protesting against the repressive laws and human rights violations suffered through the actions and projects of the Government of the Philippines and other actors against Indigenous Peoples at President Marcos Jr’s national address on 22 July 2024 in Quezon City, Philippines. The photo was taken by Katribu Kalipunan ng Katutubong Mamamayan ng Pilipinas and is the cover of The Indigenous World 2025 where this article is featured. Find The Indigenous World 2025 in full here

Notes and references 

^[1] Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Convention on Biological Diversity. UNEP, 2011. Available at: https://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cbd-en.pdf

^[2] Convention on Biological Diversity. List of Parties. N.d. Available at: https://www.cbd.int/information/parties.shtml

^[3] Convention on Biological Diversity. Thematic Programmes and Cross-Cutting Issues. N.d. Available at: https://www.cbd.int/programmes

^[4] See: https://iifb-indigenous.org/

^[5] See: https://www.cbd.int/meetings/COP-10

^[6] UN Doc. UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/X/1, (29 October 2010): https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-10/cop-10-dec-01-en.pdf

^[7] UN Doc. UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/X/2, (29 October 2010): https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-10/cop-10-dec-02-en.pdf

^[8] UN Doc. CBD/COP/DEC/15/4, (19 December 2022): https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-15/cop-15-dec-04-en.pdf

^[9] See: Cariño, Joji. Convention on Biological Diversity. In The Indigenous World 2023, edited by Dwayne Mamo, pp. 572-582. https://iwgia.org/en/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd/5147-iw-2023-cbd.html

^[10] See: Cariño, Joji. Convention on Biological Diversity. In The Indigenous World 2023, edited by Dwayne Mamo, pp. 572-582. https://iwgia.org/en/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd/5147-iw-2023-cbd.html; and: Cariño, Joji and Berger, David Nathaniel. Convention on Biological Diversity. In The Indigenous World 2024, edited by Dwayne Mamo, pp. 568-577. https://iwgia.org/en/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd/5405-iw-2024-cbd.html

^[11] UN Doc. CBD/COP/DEC/15/4, (19 December 2022): https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-15/cop-15-dec-04-en.pdf

^[12] UN Doc. CBD/COP/DEC/15/5, (19 December 2022): https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-15/cop-15-dec-05-en.pdf

^[13] UN Doc. CBD/COP/DEC/15/6, (19 December 2022): https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-15/cop-15-dec-06-en.pdf

^[14] UN Doc. CBD/COP/DEC/15/7, (19 December 2022): https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-15/cop-15-dec-07-en.pdf

^[15] UN Doc. CBD/COP/DEC/15/9, (19 December 2022): https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-15/cop-15-dec-09-en.pdf

^[16] UN Doc. CBD/COP/DEC/15/5, (19 December 2022): https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-15/cop-15-dec-05-en.pdf

^[17] Target 22 of the KMGBF: “Ensure the full, equitable, inclusive, effective and gender-responsive representation and participation in decision-making, and access to justice and information related to biodiversity by indigenous peoples and local communities, respecting their cultures and their rights over lands, territories, resources, and traditional knowledge, as well as by women and girls, children and youth, and persons with disabilities and ensure the full protection of environmental human rights defenders.”

^[18] See: Cariño, Joji and Berger, David Nathaniel. Convention on Biological Diversity. In The Indigenous World 2024, edited by Dwayne Mamo, pp. 568-577. https://iwgia.org/en/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd/5405-iw-2024-cbd.html

^[19] Convention on Biological Diversity. Working Group on Article 8(j). N.d. https://www.cbd.int/convention/wg8j.shtml

^[20] UN Doc. CBD/COP/DEC/15/5, (19 December 2022): https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-15/cop-15-dec-05-en.pdf

^[21] For reports of the meetings, see: https://www.cbd.int/conferences/indicators-ahteg/ind-ahteg-2023-01/documents; See further: Cariño, Joji and Berger, David Nathaniel. Convention on Biological Diversity. In The Indigenous World 2024, edited by Dwayne Mamo, pp. 572-573. https://iwgia.org/en/convention-on-biological-diversity-cbd/5405-iw-2024-cbd.html

^[22] See: UN Doc. CBD/IND/AHTEG/2024/5/2: https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/5616/e62a/e4757ae400c77341b531919e/ahteg-ind-2024-05-02-en.pdf; UN Doc. CBD/IND/AHTEG/2024/6/2: https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/d67f/2e23/c3c6c1a51b3b0c18c25c0129/ind-ahteg-2024-06-02-en.pdf

^[23] UN Doc. CBD/WG8j/REC/12/4, (14 November 2023): https://www.cbd.int/doc/recommendations/wg8j-12/wg8j-12-rec-04-en.pdf

^[24] UN Doc. CBD/SBSTTA/26/INF/11, (24 April 2024): https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/283e/eb7c/6a953a1e098b6c46e0f3be8d/sbstta-26-inf-11-en.pdf

^[25] See the Indigenous Navigator: https://indigenousnavigator.org/what-is-the-indigenous-navigator

^[26] UN Doc. CBD/SBSTTA/26/INF/11, (24 April 2024): https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/283e/eb7c/6a953a1e098b6c46e0f3be8d/sbstta-26-inf-11-en.pdf

^[27] See: UN Doc. CBD/COP/DEC/15/4, pp. 5-7, (19 December 2022): https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-15/cop-15-dec-04-en.pdf

^[28] UN Doc. CBD/SBSTTA/26/INF/11, (24 April 2024): https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/283e/eb7c/6a953a1e098b6c46e0f3be8d/sbstta-26-inf-11-en.pdf

^[29] UN Doc. CBD/SBSTTA/REC/26/1, (18 May 2024): https://www.cbd.int/doc/recommendations/sbstta-26/sbstta-26-rec-01-en.pdf

^[30] For documents from SBI-4, see: https://www.cbd.int/meetings/SBI-04

^[31] UN Doc. CBD/SBI/REC/4/3, (29 May 2024): https://www.cbd.int/doc/recommendations/sbi-04/sbi-04-rec-03-en.pdf

^[32] UN Doc. CBD/SBI/REC/4/2, (29 May 2024): https://www.cbd.int/doc/recommendations/sbi-04/sbi-04-rec-02-en.pdf

^[33] UN Doc. CBD/COP/DEC/15/6. Paragraph 1(a), pp. 2, (19 December 2022): https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-15/cop-15-dec-06-en.pdf

^[34] For documents from SBI-5, see: https://www.cbd.int/meetings/SBI-05

^[35] UN Doc. CBD/SBI/REC/5/1, (18 October 2024): https://www.cbd.int/doc/recommendations/sbi-05/sbi-05-rec-01-en.pdf

^[36] See: The TRUA World Summit on Traditional Knowledge related to Biodiversity. N.d. https://iifb-indigenous.org/tksummit/

^[37] TRUA World Summit on Traditional Knowledge related to Biodiversity. Report from the summit: Executive summary. October 2024. Available at: https://iifb-indigenous.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/01102024-executive-summary-tws.pdf

^[38] See: UN Doc. CBD/COP/DEC/15/4. Target 3, pp. 9, (19 December 2022): https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-15/cop-15-dec-04-en.pdf

^[39] UN Doc. CBD/COP/DEC/15/10, paragraph 1, (19 December 2022): https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-15/cop-15-dec-10-en.pdf

^[40] UN Doc. CBD/COP/16/L.26, (24 December 2024): https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/1c53/d3df/6f37cbc14844bf908703a5bc/cop-16-l-26-en.pdf

^[41] UN Doc. CBD/COP/16/L.34, (1 November 2024): https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/e25c/140d/770a8d08c362c16a10b9c5ad/cop-16-l-34-en.pdf

^[42] UN Doc. CBD/COP/16/L.33, (19 December 2024): https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/295b/d7a1/2925ce90f5fc65f40e1ebfc3/cop-16-l-33-en.pdf

^[43] See: Second resumed session of the sixteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. https://www.cbd.int/meetings/COP-16-R2

^[44] See: Meeting documents, Decision 16/4; Decision 16/5; Decision 16/6; Decision 16/7; Decision 16/8. https://www.cbd.int/meetings/COP-16

^[45] UN Doc. CBD/COP/DEC/16/5, (1 November 2024): https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-16/cop-16-dec-05-en.pdf

^[46] IIFB. Press release: Historic decision at COP16 as Indigenous Peoples and local communities gain a permanent space in biodiversity policy. 1 November 2024. Available at: https://iifb-indigenous.org/historic-decision-at-cop16/

^[47] UN Doc. CBD/COP/DEC/16/4, (30 October 2024): https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-16/cop-16-dec-04-en.pdf; And see: IIFB. Press release: Indigenous Peoples and local communities celebrate the approval of the new Programme of Work and call for the adoption of the Subsidiary Body on Article 8j now. 31 October 2024. Available at: https://iifb-indigenous.org/iifb-press-release-indigenous-peoples-celebrate-new-programme-of-work/

^[48] UN Doc. CBD/COP/DEC/16/6, (1 November 2024): https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-16/cop-16-dec-06-en.pdf

^[49] UN Doc. CBD/COP/DEC/16/2, (1 November 2024): https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-16/cop-16-dec-02-en.pdf

^[50] Ibid.

^[51] UN Doc. CBD/COP/16/2/Rev.1, (22 August 2024), pp. 17: https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/aa76/53dd/5d044b00d5223ee0b646f385/cop-16-02-rev1-en.pdf

^[52] UN Doc. CBD/COP/16/L.26, (24 December 2024): https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/1c53/d3df/6f37cbc14844bf908703a5bc/cop-16-l-26-en.pdf

^[53] Ibid., and: Forest Peoples Programme. Outcomes of COP16 for Indigenous Peoples and local communities. 27 November 2024. Available at: https://www.forestpeoples.org/en/article/2024/outcomes-cop16-indigenous-peoples-local-communities

Tags: Global governance, Biodiversity, International Processes