The Indigenous World 2026: Cambodia
Cambodia is home to 22 different Indigenous Peoples, who speak at least 19 Indigenous languages.[1], [2] With an estimated population of 170,000–400,000, they constitute approx. 1.1% of the national population. Disaggregated data on Indigenous Peoples generally vary considerably between surveys.[3],[4],[5] Numbers are likely to be ambiguous since government data classify Indigenous Peoples by language and not ethnicity.[6] Furthermore, the contemporary stigmatisation of Indigenous Peoples in Khmer society, as well as a legacy of fear from the devastating Khmer-Rouge regime, result in some Indigenous Peoples being reluctant to officially self-identify as Indigenous, for fear of repercussions.[7] The political system has been dominated by the Cambodian People’s Party for four decades. In 2023, after 38 years in power, Prime Minister Hun Sen facilitated a transfer of power to his son, Hun Manet. The Cambodian government has continuously been criticised for its undemocratic and repressive leadership, including an oppressive crackdown on the opposition, independent media, and civil society.[8]
The Indigenous areas include the forested plateaux and highlands of north-eastern Cambodia, where the majority live in the provinces of Ratanakiri, Mondulkiri, Kratie, Stung Treng, Kampong Thom, and Preah Vihear. Indigenous Peoples continue to face discrimination and forced displacement from their lands, which is extinguishing them as distinct groups.[9] These patterns are driven by ongoing state and transnational corporate ventures aimed at resource extraction (mainly mining, timber, and agribusiness) coupled with growing in-migration from other parts of the country. In addition, the recent conservation schemes in Cambodia also overlap with claims and affect Indigenous land and territories under the umbrella of climate change adaptation and mitigation. Cambodia voted to adopt the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) without reservation in 2007 and has ratified the CERD and the CRC but has still not ratified ILO Convention No. 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples.[10],[11]
This article is part of the 40th edition of The Indigenous World, a yearly overview produced by IWGIA that serves to document and report on the developments Indigenous Peoples have experienced. Find The Indigenous World 2026 in full here
Collective Land Titles
The issuing of Communal Land Titles (CLTs), a specific land right of Indigenous Peoples to ancestral territories enshrined in the Land Law of 2001, Sub-Decree No. 83,[12] remained constricted in 2025. Despite the introduction of simplified measures in 2020, the application process was primarily hampered by a complex, high cost, and time-intensive procedure. Eight new villages had obtained CLT as of December 2025. This means that 48 out of 488 Indigenous communities have had their land officially registered as CLTs by the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (MLMUPC) since 2011. The inefficient process of granting CLTs to Indigenous communities[13],[14] demonstrates a disregard for Indigenous Peoples’ traditional rights to adequate customary land and resources, guaranteed under both national and international law.[15]
Meanwhile mechanisms have enabled the encroachment onto Indigenous lands and resources, including the allocation of forests to corporate interests or individuals through economic land concessions, hydropower dam construction, and mining concessions. However, no new allocations or economic land concessions (ELCs) on Indigenous land were issued to companies in 2025 although there are still ongoing issues within ELCs that have not been resolved.[16],[17],[18],[19] More recent trends include conservation initiatives that have failed to respect Indigenous Peoples’ rights, including some REDD+ projects.[20],[21]
Since 2023,15 protected areas have been expanded to incorporate adjacent biodiversity corridors, and 10 out of 15 protected areas are on Indigenous land.[22]
The Natural Resources and Environmental Code
In June 2025, following nine years of drafting, Cambodia’s parliament adopted the Natural Resources and Environmental Code. The government argues that the code, which incorporates the Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management (1996), the Land Law (2001), the Forestry Law (2002), and the Protected Areas Law (2008), will help Cambodia align its environmental goals with the Paris Agreement pledges.[23] The Code is meant to expand protected areas and biodiversity corridors across Cambodia.[24]
The adoption of the Code raised concerns among Indigenous communities and organisations, the custodians of Indigenous Peoples’ landscapes, as they feared a loss of cultural traditions related to land, natural resources, and forest stewardship. Consultation and inclusion in the drafting of the Code was insufficient and the principle of free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC) was lacking. Among other things, the code disregards the rights of Indigenous Peoples and excludes them from the text by replacing the term Indigenous Peoples with “local community”.[25]
Since Indigenous Peoples are no longer mentioned as rightsholders, the terminology of the Code thus also omits their rights to traditional management of forests and landscapes, a right enshrined in the Land Law (2001) and the Forest Law (2002), as well as the UNDRIP to which Cambodia is a signatory. Indigenous organisations and members expressed concern at the code’s potential to serve as a neocolonial law, pushing Indigenous Peoples off their land, forests, natural resources, and territories.
Indigenous Peoples are thus being denied their specific rights, such as access to non-timber forest products, traditional practices of rotational farming, traditional hunting, and customary land tenure. Since the Code came into effect, the Ministry of Environment has initiated a reclassification of biodiversity corridors, incorporating them into at least 15 protected areas across 13 provinces. Numerous environmentalists have raised concerns that this massive expansion could lead to conflict with the communities and hinder the ongoing land titling process for Indigenous communities, as the decision has been made by the government to incorporate the biodiversity corridors without proper consultation with the communities.[26]
Virachey National Park is among the protected areas that is proposed for expansion under the Natural Resources and Environmental Code. Located in Ratanakiri and Steung Treng province, the Virachey National Park was established in 1993 by Royal Decree and covers a total of 332,500 hectares. The park is well known for its rich natural resources, biodiversity, and key habitat for flora and fauna.[27] The area has been inhabited by Indigenous Brao, Kavet, Kreung, and Lun for centuries, for whom the park is not simply a natural resource but the heartland and stronghold of their cultural practices and spiritual beliefs.
Following the sub-decree on expanding protected areas, the Ratanakiri Provincial Department of the Environment initiated a process of identifying the corridors that would be incorporated into the park. The proposed areas are largely covered by rotational farm land, spiritual forest, burial sites and the homes of Indigenous Brao, Kavet, Kreung, and Lun.
The demarcation process took place without prior information of or consultation with the affected Indigenous communities. Indigenous Rights Active Members (IRAM), among others, voiced concerns regarding the village of Trabok, which will suffer from encroachment. The village includes 17 families (71 individuals, of which 33 are women, and six have disabilities) who will be subject to eviction from their rotational farm land, [28] while 219 further families (735 individuals, including 354 women, and 115 people with disabilities) living in the vicinity will be indirectly affected by the expansion. The majority of community members are farmers who have been traditionally relying on forest products, traditional fishing, rotational farming, and seasonal cropping for centuries.[29]
Impacts of hydropower dams in Mekong and branched rivers
Across Cambodia, the development of electricity has contributed to the climate crisis, and the devastation of biodiversity and ecosystems. In particular, for riverine communities, the construction of hydropower dams along the Mekong River and its tributaries has caused encroachment, flooding, loss of land, aquatic resources, and livelihoods.
In October 2025, the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Cambodia, Vitit Muntarbhorn, raised concerns over the development of the Sesan dams, in particular the Lower Sesan II Dam, a hydropower dam in Stung Treng Province. The development of this dam has contributed to environmental depletion, including a loss of biodiversity, ecosystems, deforestation, fisheries, sediments, and the forced displacement of nearly 5,000 people, many of them Indigenous Bunong, Kreung, Jarai, Brao, onto unfavourable and poor land quality sites.[30]
The environmental impact assessment from 2008 and subsequent consultation process for the dam have been criticised for the absence of FPIC, a right that is explicitly recognised by the UNDRIP which, among other things, requires respectful consultation, inclusive dialogue, freely agreed compromises, provision of adequate remedies, and the opportunity to reject a project. Consultation was limited to the villages that would be flooded by the dam, without gaining their consent.
Several affected Indigenous communities living upstream and downstream, however, did not receive prior information about the project, including the potential negative impacts on their traditional living, livelihoods, forest and cultural practices. [31] In 2025, compensation claims from Indigenous communities for the loss of land, burial sites and crops destroyed due to encroachment and flooding caused by the Lower Sesan II Dam were rejected by the government.[32] The deputy governor of Steung Treng, Meng Kun said that compensation had already been paid in 2023 and no more compensation was due.[33]
In addition to the existing Lower Sesan II Dam, the proposed Srepok III Dam is likely to pose another massive threat to Indigenous Peoples living along the Srepok River, in Ratanakiri and Mundolkiri provinces. The project is driven by the Roya Group, owned by a prominent Cambodian tycoon, in collaboration with Huaneng Hydrolancang International Energy, and Power China Huadong Engineering.[34] The vast majority of community members have rejected the idea of relocation, in particular the Indigenous Peoples, who have been living here for centuries and still value their ancestral land as a significant part of their life.[35]
Given that cultural heritage and natural resources are so closely intertwined with the lives of Indigenous Peoples, any development projects on or near Indigenous territories must seek their meaningful participation, including the right to reject a project, and must respect such decision.
Preah Roka and Prey Lang Wildlife Sanctuary
In Preah Vihear province, within the Preah Roka and Prey Lang Wildlife Sanctuary, 2025 was inundated with pervasive threats to forests and Indigenous livelihoods.[36]
Threats included the expansion of gold mining[37] (despite a 2023 moratorium on new mining licences), devastating illegal logging,[38],[39] the approval of construction of a large-scale cement factory[40] by a politically well-connected company previously linked to deforestation,[41] and commencement of the construction of an electric power line.[42] The 300 km line, which is projected to split the protected forest of the Prey Lang Wildlife Sanctuary in two, is likely to cause further access for illegal loggers, pushing the forest frontiers back, with devasting consequences for the diverse forest ecosystems and rich biodiversity.[43]
This protected forest is the ancestral forest and home of the Indigenous Kuy. The Kuy depend on sustainable forest practices for income, livelihood, and cultural connection. Among other things, Indigenous Kuy sustainably harvest resin from mature dipterocarp trees, a highly valued timber tree.[44] In November, the loss of 4,000 resin trees to illegal logging was reported by Indigenous Kuy in the Preah Roka Wildlife Sanctuary.[45]
Despite rampant levels of documented deforestation, primarily due to large-scale illegal logging by corporate businesses such as Think Biotech, the Ministry of Environment has continued to reject the information[46] presented from satellite and ground-truthed data.[47]
Criminalisation of Indigenous Peoples
According to the organisation Freedom House, Cambodia ranked low on its global scale of freedom in 2025, both in terms of political rights and civil liberties. It cited antidemocratic rule i.e., a repressive and, on occasion, intimidating and violent environment for the opposition, media, and civil society.[48] Fifty-four politicians and political activists and five human rights activists and environmentalists, including Indigenous persons (albeit detained and released immediately while pursing lawsuits against them) have been arbitrarily arrested, detained, and imprisoned for defending their rights and territories. [49], [50],[51]
In October, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples raised concern at reports of Indigenous Peoples facing criminal charges and prosecution when attempting to assert their rights, for example through speeches and demonstrations.[52] However, as of 2025, the Cambodian government had not made any public statement on Indigenous issues apart from defending itself and rejecting the report.[53]
In 2025, 158 Indigenous members and human rights defenders (30 women and nine persons with disabilities, two of whom were women) were accused of inciting discrimination (incitement to discriminate, which can include speeches made in public spaces, as well as written, audio or visual communications made to the public) and committing crimes (incitement to commit a felony), public defamation, and illegal encroachment onto state land and protected areas based on articles 495 and 496 of the Cambodian Criminal Code. Several individuals faced multiple lawsuits (20 people faced up to four different lawsuits, 56 people faced up to two different lawsuits, and 27 people faced up to three different lawsuits) when they spoke up for other Indigenous members who were involved in protecting their forests and land.[54]
Notably, in 2025, over 100 Indigenous Brao residing in areas adjacent to the Virachey National Park faced lawsuits for practising their traditional rotational farming. The Brao people have been accused of illegal clearing of forest and encroaching onto protected areas. [55] Many of the defendants do not speak or write the Khmer language well and thus need interpreters present at every court hearing. If the Brao are convicted of practising their traditional rotational farming, they will each face imprisonment of one to five years and a monetary fine of between 100,000,000 and 500,000,000 Cambodian riels (approx. 25,000 -125,000 USD).[56]
While the 2001 Land Law recognises Indigenous Peoples' rights to traditionally inhabit and manage their land and forest, including rotational farming, to this day the government has not presented a proper solution for those who were living in or adjacent to the protected areas.[57] The state should refrain from being partial and biased towards its own and/or corporate interests under development schemes that infringe upon Indigenous Peoples' rights that have been recognised by international human rights mechanisms, the UNDRIP, and other human rights standards.
Cambodia-Thailand armed conflict
The Cambodia-Thailand conflict happened in late May 2025 and left one Cambodian soldier dead. It was the starting point of the armed conflict over the long-running overlapping claims along the land border and the ancient temples of Ta Maon Thom, Ta Maon Toch, and Prasat Ta Krabie (Ta Krabie Temple). After the death of the Cambodian soldier, the tensions escalated, land border checkpoints were closed, and both sides began sending extra troops and heavy weapons to the conflict areas. At the same time, dialogues were also held through the Joint Boundary Commission (JBC).
The dialogues were not upheld, however, and this resulted in both sides exchanging fire on the mornings of 24-28 July 2025, with further clashes occurring from 07 December to 27 December 2025.[58]
The consequence of these armed clashes is that some 644,589 Cambodian people have been displaced to a safer location, including 204,000 children and 336,000 women.[59] Of these, the Cambodia Indigenous Peoples Alliance (CIPA) is unable to verify how many are Indigenous and how this is affecting their livelihoods due to limited resources. It is, however, important to note that there are also Indigenous Peoples living in Preah Vihear, Battambang, Odar Meanchey, Banteay Meanchey, and Pursat, where another major conflict has taken place. The conflict has also directly and indirectly affected their daily living activities as well as their mental health. One further issue worthy of note is that many Indigenous people along the border also fell into arrears or were unable to pay off their debts to banks and microfinance due to being unable to generate an income through the sale of their labour or crops. On top of this, many Indigenous organisations also faced difficulties in carrying out their activities. We, for example, had to delay organising numerous workshops, training sessions, and meetings with community activists and NGOs due to safety and security concerns.
This article was produced by Indigenous Rights Active Member (IRAM), an Indigenous working group established in 2009, which currently works in 15 provinces across Cambodia.
Katrine Gro Friborg is a researcher working on Indigenous rights and knowledge, gender, agroforestry and ethnobotanical relations.
This article is part of the 40th edition of The Indigenous World, a yearly overview produced by IWGIA that serves to document and report on the developments Indigenous Peoples have experienced. Find The Indigenous World 2026 in full here
Notes and references
[1] Padwe, J. (2011). “Cambodia’s Highlanders; Land, Livelihoods and the Politics of Indigeneity” in (Ed) K. Brickwell and S. Springer. The Handbook of Contemporary Cambodia. Routledge
[2] Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD). “Combined 14th to 17th periodic reports submitted by Cambodia under article 9 of the Convention.” CERD/C/KHM/14-17. 12 December 2019.
[3] Royal Government of Cambodia. “National Report on Demographic and Socio-Economic Status of Indigenous Peoples in Cambodia: Update 2024.” 2024. https://data.opendevelopmentcambodia.net/library_record/national-report-on-demographic-and-socio-economic-situation-of-indigenous-peoples-in-cambodia-2024-
[4] National Institute of Statistics (NIS). 2008. “General Population Census of Cambodia 2008.” National Report on Final Census Results. https://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/census2008/Census.pdf
[5] Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), op. cit.
[6] Ironside, J. (2022). “Localizing global concepts: an exploration of Indigeneity in Cambodia”. Critical Asian Studies, 54:3, pp. 374-397.
[7] Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP). “Threatened Lands, Threatened Lives Human Rights Situation of the Indigenous Peoples in Cambodia.” August 2014. https://aippnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/20.-Threatned-Lands-Threatene-Lives.pdf
[8] Freedom House. Cambodia country profile. 2025. https://freedomhouse.org/country/cambodia
[9] Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD). “Concluding observations on the combined fourteenth to seventeenth reports of Cambodia.” 12 December 2019. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CERD%2fC%2fKHM%2fCO%2f14-17&Lang=en
[10] Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council. “End of the mandate statement by the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Cambodia.” 30 April 2021. https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=27039&LangID=E
[11] International Labour Organization, “Up-to-date Conventions and Protocols not ratified by Cambodia.” https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11210:0::NO:11210:P11210_COUNTRY_ID:103055
[12] Royal Government of Cambodia. “The land Law 2001.” https://cambodia.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Promotional-materials-soft/Land%20Law.ENG_.pdf
[13] Human Rights Watch. “Cambodia” in World Report 2025. 2025. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2025/country-chapters/cambodia
[14] Ibid.
[15] Royal Government of Cambodia, op. cit.
[16] Seiff, A. and Foster, M. “Gold mining persists in protected forest, residents say.” Radio Free Asia, 15 May 2024. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/gold-mining-prey-lang-05152024125035.html
[17] Hobbs, C. “Thousands of Families Face Displacement as Srepok Dam Project Pushes Ahead.” CamboJA News, 2 June 2025. https://cambojanews.com/thousands-of-families-face-displacement-as-srepok-dam-project-pushes-ahead/
[18] United Nations. “Situation of human rights in Cambodia - Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Cambodia, Vitit Muntarbhorn.” (A/HRC/60/86) [EN/AR/RU/ZH] - Cambodia. 7 October 2025. https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/60/86
[19] Bun, R. “How Cambodia’s new environmental code undermines Indigenous peoples’ rights (commentary).” Mongabay. 25 July 2025. https://news.mongabay.com/2025/07/how-cambodias-new-environmental-code-undermines-indigenous-peoples-rights-commentary/
[20] Nimol, S. and Porgech T. “Koh Kong’s Chorng Indigenous People Struggle with Arrests and Lawsuits in REDD+ Zone.” CamboJA News. 3 July 2024. https://cambojanews.com/koh-kongs-chorng-indigenous-people-struggle-with-arrests-and-lawsuits-in-redd-zone/
[21] United Nations, op. cit.
[22] Narim, K. “Government Reclassifying Biodiversity Corridors into Protected Areas.” CamboJA News, 9 August 2023. https://cambojanews.com/government-reclassifying-biodiversity-corridors-into-protected-areas/
[23] Kingdom of Cambodia. Cambodia’s Third Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC 3.0). July 2025. https://unfcc.int/sites/default/files/2025-08/Cambodia-NDC%203.0_pdf">hhttps://unfcc.int/sites/default/files/2025-08/Cambodia-NDC%203.0_pdf
[24] Kingdom of Cambodia, Ministry of Environment. “Code on Environment and Natural Resource.” July 2024. https://www.moe.gov.kh/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Code-on-Environment-and-Natural-Resources.pdf
[25] Bun, R., op. cit.
[26] Hobbs, C. “Thousands of Families Face Displacement as Srepok Dam Project Pushes Ahead.” CamboJANews, 2 June 2025. https://cambojanews.com/thousands-of-families-face-displacement-as-srepok-dam-project-pushes-ahead/
[27] Sinovas, P., Alexiou, I., Roberts, O., Holden, J., Chantha, N., and Tilker, A. (2024). Status and conservation implications of a newly discovered large-antlered muntjac population in Cambodia. Endangered Species Research, 53, pp. 493-498.
[28] According to Indigenous Rights Active Members (IRAM) internal database.
[29] Indigenous Rights Active Members (IRAM) internal factsheet 2025.
[30] United Nations, op. cit.
[31] Ibid.
[32] Business and Human Rights Centre. “Cambodia: Gov’t rejects compensation claims from indigenous communities displaced by Chinese-invested Lower Sesan II Dam project.” 10 June 2025. https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/cambodia-compensation-demands-by-indigenous-communities-affected-by-chinese-invested-dam-project-rejected-by-officials/
[33] Narim, K. “Dozens of Affected Families of Sesan Dam Seek Compensation, but Gov’t Says the Offer Has Ended.” CamboJA News, 10 June 2025. https://cambojanews.com/dozens-of-affected-families-of-sesan-dam-seek-compensation-but-govt-says-the-offer-has-ended/
[34] Business and Human Rights Centre. “Cambodia: Hydropower dam construction on Lower Srepok 3 likely forces thousands of families, incl. Indigenous Peoples, out of their land; communities and experts voice environmental and social concerns and lack of consultation.” 23 June 2025. https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/cambodia-hydropower-dam-construction-on-lower-srepok-3-likely-forces-thousands-of-families-incl-indigenous-peoples-out-of-their-land-communities-and-experts-voice-environmental-and-social-concerns-and-lack-of-consultation/
[35] Hobbs, C., op. cit.
[36] Sreypich, S and Domnrsng, L. “Government rejects alarming deforestation report despite rise in forest cover loss in Cambodia’s protected forests.” CamboJA News, 22 July 2025. http://cambojanews.com/government-rejects-alarming-deforestation-report-despite-rise-in-forest-cover-loss-in-cambodias-protected-forests/
[37] Seiff, A. and Foster, M., op. cit.
[38] Lovgren, S. “Cambodian Forest Defenders at risk for Exposing Illegal Logging.” Yale Environment 360, 2 June 2025. https://e360.yale.edu/features/preah-roka-prey-lang-logging
[39] Sinorn, T. “Kuy Indigenous Livelihoods Threatened as 4,000 Resin Trees Lost in Preah Roka Sanctuary.” Kiri Post, 7 November 2025. https://kiripost.com/stories/kuy-indigenous-livelihoods-threatened-as-4000-resin-trees-lost-in-preah-roka-sanctuary
[40] Sreypich, S. “Prey Lang Community, NGOs Cry Foul over 99ha Forest Land Allocation to cement factory despite pledge to increase forest cover.” CamboJA News, 7 May 2025. https://cambojanews.com/prey-lang-community-ngos-cry-foul-over-99ha-forest-land-allocation-to-cement-factory-despite-pledge-to-increase-forest-cover/
[41] Flynn, G. “Cement Factory approved inside Cambodia’s Prey Lang sanctuary despite mining ban.” Mongabay, 28 April 2025. https://news.mongabay.com/2025/04/cement-factory-approved-inside-cambodias-prey-lang-sanctuary-despite-mining-ban/
[42] Flynn, G. “New Transmission lines cut a Cambodian rainforest sanctuary in half.” Mongabay 27 November 2024. https://news.mongabay.com/2024/11/new-transmission-lines-cut-a-cambodian-rainforest-sanctuary-in-half/
[43] Lawrence, K. “Experts sound the alarm over concerning satellite imagery of protected forest: ‘We don’t [know] how to deal with it’. People will suffer.” The Cool Down 18 January 2025. https://www.thecooldown.com/green-business/prey-lang-transmission-line-project-cambodia/
[44] Lovgren, S., op. cit.
[45] Sinorn, T. “Cambodian Indigenous Guardians Head to COP30 to Confront Disinformation and Demand Justice.” Kiri Post, 7 November 2025. https://kiripost.com/stories/cambodian-indigenous-guardians-head-to-cop30-to-confront-disinformation-and-demand-justice
[46] Sreypich, S and Domnrsng, L., op. cit.
[47] Argyriou, D. and Theilade, I. (2025). “Forest Monitoring in Prey Lang, Preah Rokar and Sorng Rokha Vorn wildlife sanctuaries; 4th Monitoring Report.” Citizens Engaged in Environmental Justice for all (CEEJA), pp. 42.
[48] Human Rights Watch, op. cit.
[49] Freedom House, op. cit.
[50] United Nations, op. cit.
[51] Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights (LICADHO). “Cambodia’s Prisoners of Interest.” https://www.licadho-cambodia.org/prisoners_of_interest/
[52] United Nations, op. cit.
[53] Chanritheara, T. “Cambodia Defends Its Human Rights Record as the UN Rapporteur Presents His Report.” Cambodianess, 4 October 2025. https://cambodianess.com/article/cambodia-defends-its-human-rights-record-as-the-un-rapporteur-presents-his-report
[54] According to Indigenous Rights Active Members (IRAM) internal database.
[55] Nimol, S. “Koh Kong’s Chorng Indigenous People Struggle with Arrests and Lawsuits in REDD+ Zone.” CamboJA News, 3 July 2024. https://cambojanews.com/koh-kongs-chorng-indigenous-people-struggle-with-arrests-and-lawsuits-in-redd-zone/
[56] Kingdom of Cambodia, Ministry of Environment, op. cit., Article 850.
[57] Royal Government of Cambodia, op. cit., Article 25.
[58] Wongcha-um, P. “Thailand and Cambodia Halt Fierce Border Conflict with Second Ceasefire.” Reuters, 27 December 2025. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/thailand-cambodia-sign-ceasefire-agreement-cambodian-defence-ministry-says-2025-12-27/
[59] “Situation Report: Displacement Caused by Cambodia –Thailand Border Conflict - December 26th, 2025.” 2025. World Vision International, 27 December 2025. https://www.wvi.org/publications/report/cambodia/situation-report-displacement-caused-cambodia-thailand-border-3
Tags: Global governance
