The Indigenous World 2026: Australia

Written on 22 April 2026. Posted in Australia

According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population, the Indigenous Peoples of Australia, surpassed 1 million in 2024, with projections placing it at between 1.17 to 1.19 million by 2031.^[1] This accounts for roughly 3.8% of the total population, and growing faster than the general population, with significant concentrations in New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (QLD), and Western Australia (WA).^[2]

Among Indigenous Australians, 41% (401,700) live in major cities while 15% (150,900) inhabit remote and very remote areas, yet the proportion of Indigenous people increases dramatically with remoteness, from 2.2% in major cities to 30% in remote regions. The age structure remains markedly younger than the non-indigenous population: one-third (33.1%) are under 15 years compared with 17.9% of the non-indigenous population, reflecting both higher birth rates and lower life expectancy. Only 5.4% of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population are 65 years and over compared with 17.2% of the non-indigenous population.^[3]

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples remain vastly over-represented in the criminal justice system, with 2,600 prisoners per 100,000 Indigenous people; 13-14 times greater than for the non-indigenous population.^[4]

There are 3,338 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander corporations registered under the federal Corporations (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) Act 2006 (CATSI Act),^[5] alongside more than 12,500 Indigenous-owned businesses.^[6]

There is currently no reference to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the national Constitution. Australia initially voted against the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) in 2007 but formally endorsed it in 2009.^[7]

This article is part of the 40^th edition of The Indigenous World, a yearly overview produced by IWGIA that serves to document and report on the developments Indigenous Peoples have experienced. Find The Indigenous World 2026 in full here

2025 marked a pivotal yet paradoxical point in Australia’s relationship with its Indigenous Peoples. While major structural reforms remained stalled following the failed 2023 constitutional recognition and a national Voice to Parliament referendum,^[8] the year nonetheless saw significant developments across cultural heritage protection, water governance, Closing the Gap^[9] implementation, state-based treaty processes, and the rising prominence of Indigenous women and youth leaders on the national and international stages.

This chapter uses Indigenous where possible when referring to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples. However, within Australia, the terms Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander, First Nations, and Indigenous are used differently across communities, organisations, and contexts. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander recognises the two distinct Indigenous populations of Australia. First Nations emphasises sovereignty and the existence of multiple nations prior to colonisation. Indigenous is used as an inclusive term, capitalised to denote specific peoples.

Fragmented progress on Closing the Gap

The 2025 Productivity Commission (PC) data revealed a sobering reality, that most Closing the Gap (CTG) targets remain off-track, particularly those addressing justice, child protection, incarceration, youth detention, suicide prevention, and overcrowded housing.^[10] The four “Priority Reforms” established in 2020: shared decision-making, strengthening the community-controlled sector, transforming government organisations and improved data-sharing, remain central policy commitments. However, the practical implementation remains fragmented and chronically under-resourced.

Despite these persistent challenges, 2025 brought renewed commitment to Indigenous-led governance mechanisms.

The CTG Campaign’s 2025 Annual Report^[11] emphasised Indigenous leadership as the essential driver of system transformation, demanding clearer accountability mechanisms, greater investment in community-controlled organisations, and rigorous evaluation of government compliance with commitments under the National Agreement commitments.^[12]

Truth-telling and treaty: Divergent paths

In the absence of national constitutional change, several states advanced their own treaty, truth-telling, and self-determination agendas, demonstrating what Indigenous governance can achieve at the state level.

The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) continued implementing its Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Agreement 2019-2028, funding Aboriginal Community-Controlled Organisations for health, violence programs, and justice and heritage protection.^[13] Key areas include culturally safe services, lifelong learning, and supporting community-led solutions, guided by the national CTG framework. The ACT has led the nation by introducing the first Australian legislation requiring public sector employees to uphold CTG principles in their work, establishing a groundbreaking accountability framework for government commitment to Indigenous self-determination and partnership.^[14]

Victoria (VIC) enacted the groundbreaking Statewide Treaty Act (2025), creating Australia’s first legally recognised framework for negotiating treaties between a state government and Indigenous Peoples.^[15]

Queensland (QLD) continued implementing its Path to Treaty Act (2023), building capacity within the First Nations Treaty Institute and supporting truth-telling processes.^[16]

South Australia (SA) further operationalised its First Nations Voice, although ongoing community discussions highlighted the urgent need for stronger resourcing and clearer pathways to influence government decision-making.^[17]

New South Wales (NSW) implemented Local Decision-Making mechanisms, ensuring Indigenous communities can fully participate in service delivery decisions. The framework supports Aboriginal self-determination and changes the relationship between communities and government.^[18] NSW Aboriginal Affairs undertook a Strategic Mapping Exercise to view linkages between policy settings across OCHRE (Opportunity, Choice, Healing, Responsibility, Empowerment), CTG, and the implications of the failed Voice referendum, which prioritised four overlays: Local Decision-Making Accords, Principles/Objectives, CTG Priority Reforms, and Socioeconomic Targets.^[19]

Tasmania's (TAS) journey took a troubling turn. After a 2021 government report recommending both truth-telling and treaty, the government shifted focus in 2025 to fund Truth and Healing Commissioners instead, abandoning direct treaty negotiations despite strong advocacy from the Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre for a treaty affirming Palawa sovereignty and land rights.^[20]

In the Northern Territory (NT) a change of government led to a concerning rollback of positive initiatives implemented by the previous administration.^[21] Water governance emerged as one of the most critical yet overlooked arenas of self-determination. In the NT, Aboriginal land trusts and remote communities depend heavily on the Great Artesian Basin (one of the world's largest freshwater aquifers) for cultural, ecological, and economic sustainability.^[22] Growing interest in intensive agriculture, pastoral expansion, mining, and land clearing have heightened tensions around water allocation and groundwater extraction, impacting the fair implementation of the Strategic Aboriginal Water Reserve policy.^[23] In 2025, the NT passed amendments to the Water Act (NT) seeking to strengthen Aboriginal water reserves and clarify administrative processes.^[24] This followed concerns raised by Aboriginal people about land clearing approvals, impacts on groundwater-dependent ecosystems, and the long-term vulnerability of the artesian systems in the Beetaloo Basin.^[25] The year saw intense public scrutiny of corporate land clearing for agricultural development, over-extraction of artesian water, inadequate consultation with Traditional Owners, and climate change-related environmental risks.^[26]

Western Australia's (WA) 2025 Aboriginal initiatives focused on economic empowerment, cultural preservation, health, housing, and employment through the Jina: WA Aboriginal Tourism Action Plan,^[27] Ranger Program expansion,^[28] and new Department of Primary Industry and Regional Development Workforce Strategies.^[29] Significantly, WA announced new Stolen Generations Reparations Initiatives designed to achieve better outcomes through self-determination.^[30]

Juukan Gorge: Five years of reckoning

24 May 2025 marked the fifth anniversary of mining giant Rio Tinto’s devastating destruction of two rock shelters at Juukan Gorge in Western Australia’s Pilbara region.^[31] The rock shelters are among the world’s oldest known sites of human occupation, with evidence of uninterrupted cultural presence for approximately 46,000 years.^[32] Despite this exceptional significance, destruction was permitted under the outdated Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972 (WA) and pre-existing mining consent granted in 2013.^[33]

The latest development involves an ambitious project to build a full-scale replica of the shelters using 3D technology and original fragments. This is being funded by Rio Tinto.^[34] The initial phase saw the Traditional Owners – the Puutu Kunti Kurrama and Pinikura (PKKP) people, visit French cave replicas for inspiration. The PKKP people signed new co-management agreements with Rio Tinto in 2025, taking greater control over heritage management to prevent future destruction of irreplaceable sacred sites.^[35]

Despite numerous government inquiries – including the 2020 Never Again Report^[36] and Parliament's “A Way Forward” report,^[37] little has improved Aboriginal heritage protection laws or addressed the power imbalance between the PKKP people and mining companies. The PKKP people continue to advocate for comprehensive legislative overhaul, demanding greater community control over sacred site decisions and cultural heritage protections that cannot be overridden by economic interests. Without decisive reform, repeated harm remains likely; conversely, jurisdictions that act decisively could transform Juukan's legacy into a new era of legal protections grounded in self-determination.

Indigenous women and youth: reshaping the narrative

Indigenous women remained at the forefront of national reform agendas, building on decades of work by leaders such as Pat Anderson,^[38] June Oscar AO^[39] and the late Dr Lowitja O’Donoghue.^[40] The year saw continued expansion of women-led advocacy through such bodies as the Wiyi Yani Thangani Institute for First Nations Gender Justice^[41] and the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women’s Alliance,^[42] whose mission centres on protecting health, human rights and fundamental freedoms that are significant to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women through cultural preservation, health education and coalition building. Women leaders proved central to addressing violence against women and children, reforming child protection systems, and supporting community healing. Their leadership will significantly shape government priorities in 2026–2027.

First Nations youth movements gained unprecedented influence across such areas as climate action, justice, education reform, cultural revitalisation, and sovereignty conversations. Key organisations, such as the Uluru Youth Dialogue,^[43] Seed Indigenous Youth Climate Network,^[44] and National Indigenous Youth Education Coalition (NIYEC)^[45] are the drivers behind change. They have brought energy, innovation, and future-focused perspectives that are reshaping the public narrative and challenging government inaction. Their leadership has become increasingly visible in international forums, from climate negotiations to engagement with UN mechanisms and bilateral youth diplomacy, including the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.^[46]

International human rights scrutiny

Australia faced continued scrutiny within international systems throughout 2025. UN treaty bodies highlighted structural racism, over-incarceration, child removal, and gaps in Indigenous rights implementation.^[47] The legacy of the “Torres Strait 8” climate justice decision (2022)^[48] remains highly relevant, with expectations that Australia will strengthen adaptation and mitigation measures for Torres Strait communities still awaiting compensation and concrete action.^[49] Special Rapporteurs and UN committees continued urging Australia to strengthen Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC), cultural heritage laws, and anti-discrimination frameworks.^[50]

Outlook for 2026

Positive trajectories include strengthened state-level treaty and truth-telling mechanisms, opportunities for Indigenous-led water governance and environmental stewardship, prospects for stronger cultural heritage laws in those jurisdictions (where the political will exists), and continued growth in the Indigenous community-controlled sector. The rising influence of Indigenous women and youth advocacy continues to advance, contributing to greater public understanding of Indigenous rights and sovereignty.

The developments of 2025 underscore both the urgent challenges and the renewed opportunities in Australia’s journey towards justice, empowerment and self-determination. The legacies of events such as Juukan Gorge continue to shape the national consciousness and policy debates, while evolving frameworks such as Northern Territories’ Aboriginal water reserves illustrate how legislative innovation must be accompanied by genuine acceptance of self-determination, empowerment and capacity-building.

Looking ahead, critical drivers of positive change will require sustained investment in the community-controlled sector, strengthened cultural heritage protections, and genuine co-design of programs with Indigenous Peoples – with Indigenous women and youth leadership remaining essential to progress.

Belinda Kendall is a Worimi, Barkindji, Wailwan, Wiradjuri woman from NSW and Director of Aboriginal Enterprise Curijo Pty Ltd and Karralika Programs. Belinda’s studies and experience have primarily been in the human services, child and family safety and wellbeing, Indigenous business, and adult education sectors. Her passion is to improve the lives of, and outcomes for, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples through healing and leadership.

Bill Pritchard is a Wiradjuri man from NSW who has significant experience in public and community service and is committed to social justice, equity, and equality. Bill’s studies and experience have primarily been in the child, family and community sector holding various senior positions, including Board and CEO positions on national, state, and community organisations. Bill’s focus is on equity for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples.

We acknowledge the research and writing support of Jemma Newton for this chapter.

This article is part of the 40^th edition of The Indigenous World, a yearly overview produced by IWGIA that serves to document and report on the developments Indigenous Peoples have experienced. Find The Indigenous World 2026 in full here

Notes and references

^[1] Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2024). Estimates and projections, Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population, 2011 to 2031. Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/estimates-and-projections-australian-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-population/2011-2031 (Accessed: 16 January 2026).

^[2] Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC). (2025). Statistics about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People. Available at: https://humanrights.gov.au/human-rights-education/stats-and-facts-about-discrimination/statistics-about-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-people (Accessed: 16 January 2026).

^[3] Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2024). Estimates and projections, Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population, 2011 to 2031. Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples (Accessed: 16 January 2026).

^[4]Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2025). Corrective Services, Australia, September Quarter 2025. Available at: Corrective Services, Australia, September Quarter 2025 | Australian Bureau of Statistics (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[5] Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2025). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples (Accessed: 16 January 2026).

^[6] Parliament of Australia. (2024). Examining the untapped potential of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Businesses. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/About_the_House_News/Media_Releases/Examining_the_untapped_potential_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_businesses (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[7] Australian Human Rights Commission. (2009). Questions and answers on the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Available at: https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/questions-and-answers-un-declaration-rights-indigenous-peoples-2009 (Accessed 30 January 2025)

^[8] Cross, J. (2025). “Two years on from Voice referendum ‘the status quo remains’”, National Indigenous Times. Available at: Two years on from Voice referendum 'the status quo... | National Indigenous Times (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[9] Closing the Gap. (n.d). Implementation Plans. https://www.closingthegap.gov.au/implementation-plans (Accessed 30 January 2026)

^[10] Productivity Commission. (2025). Closing the Gap Annual Data Compilation Report July 2025. Available at: https://www.pc.gov.au/closing-the-gap-data/annual-data-report/2025 (Accessed: 16 January 2026); See also: Kendall, Belinda and Pritchard, Bill. Australia. In the Indigenous World 2025, edited by Dwayne Mamo 545-558. IWGIA, 2025. https://iwgia.org/en/australia/5398-iw-2024-australia.html

^[11] National Indigenous Australians Agency (NIAA). (2025). Commonwealth Closing the Gap 2024 Annual Report and 2025 Implementation Plan. Available at: Commonwealth Closing the Gap 2024 Annual Report and 2025 Implementation Plan | NIAA (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[12] Productivity Commission. (2025). ACT Public Sector (Closing the Gap) Legislation. Available at: https://www.pc.gov.au/closing-the-gap-data (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[13] ACT Government Transparency Portal. (2025). ACT Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Agreement. Available at: https://www.act.gov.au/our-canberra/latest-news/2021/act-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-agreement-2019-2028 (Accessed: 16 January 2026).

^[14] Frost, H. (2025). ACT Legislates commitment for public servants to uphold ‘Closing the Gap principle’ in Australian first. ABC News. ACT legislates commitment for public servants to uphold 'Closing the Gap principle' in Australian first - ABC News

^[15] Treaty Victoria. (2025). What is Treaty? Available at: What is Treaty? | treatyvictoria.vic.gov.au (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[16] Queensland Government. (2024). Get ready for Path to Treaty. Available at: Get ready for Path to Treaty | For government | Queensland Government (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[17] South Australian Government. (2025). South Australian First Nations Voice 2025 Annual Report. Available at: https://share.google/Gsrb7DHHeRCVQJeCB (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[18] NSW Government. (2025). Local Decision Making in Aboriginal communities. Available at: https://www.nsw.gov.au/departments-and-agencies/aboriginal-affairs-nsw/about-ochre/local-decision-making (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[19] NSW Government. (2025). OCHRE evaluation review and strategic mapping of Local Decision Making. Available at: https://www.nsw.gov.au/departments-and-agencies/aboriginal-affairs-nsw/about-ochre/local-decision-making#toc-ochre-evaluation-review-and-strategic-mapping-of-local-decision-making (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[20] Tasmanian Government, Department of Premier and Cabinet. (2025). Truth Telling and Healing. Available at: https://www.dpac.tas.gov.au/divisions/cpp/aboriginal-partnerships/truth-telling-and-healing (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[21] Northern Territory Anti-Discrimination Commission. (2025). Media release - NT Anti-Discrimination law changes regress protections under the guise of balance. Available at: Media release - NT Anti-Discrimination law changes regress protections under the guise of balance | NT Anti-Discrimination Commission (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[22]  Australian Government. (2025). Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (2025) Great Artesian Basin Condition Report. Available at: https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/gab-basin-wide-condition-report.pdf (Accessed 16 January 2026)

^[23] Grafton, Q. and Nikolakis, W. (2021). 'Law versus justice: the Strategic Aboriginal Water Reserve in the Northern Territory', International Journal of Water Resources Development. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07900627.2021.1882406 (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[24] Northern Territory Government. (2025). Changes to water rules. Available at: https://nt.gov.au/environment/water/management-security/changes-water-rules (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[25] Environmental Justice Australia. (2025). New NT laws sideline communities and the environment. Available at: New NT laws sideline communities and the environment - Environmental Justice Australia (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[26] National Indigenous Times. (2025). 'Reckless Northern Territory water plan sparks landmark legal challenge', November. Available at: https://nit.com.au/25-11-2025/21478/reckless-northern-territory-water-plan-sparks-landmark-legal-challenge (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[27]Tourism Western Australia. (2021). Jina: WA Aboriginal Tourism Action Plan 2021-2025. Available at: https://www.tourism.wa.gov.au/About-us/Strategies-plans-reports/pages/jina-wa-aboriginal-tourism-action-plan-2021-2025.aspx (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[28] Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. (2025). Aboriginal Ranger Program. Government of Western Australia. Available at: Taylor & Francis Online: https://www.dbca.wa.gov.au/management/aboriginal-engagement/aboriginal-ranger-program (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[29] Western Australian Government. (2025). Aboriginal Employment Strategy 2025-26, January. Available at: https://www.wa.gov.au/government/announcements/aboriginal-employment-strategy-2025-26 (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[30] Human Rights Watch. (2025). 'Western Australia announces reparations for Stolen Generations', Human Rights Watch, 27 May. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/05/27/western-australia-announces-reparations-stolen-generations (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[31]Australian Mining. (2025). 'Juukan Gorge: Five years later', Australian Mining, May. Available at: https://www.australianmining.com.au/juukan-gorge-five-years-later/ (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[32] ANTaR. (2020). The destruction of Juukan Gorge. Available at: https://antar.org.au/issues/cultural-heritage/the-destruction-of-juukan-gorge/ (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[33] Ibid.

^[34] Rio Tinto. (2025). 'PKKP and Rio Tinto sign Co-Management Agreement', May/June. Available at: https://www.riotinto.com/en/news/releases/2025/pkkp-and-rio-tinto-sign-co-management-agreement (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[35] National Indigenous Times. (2025). 'Relationship between Rio Tinto, traditional owners continues to evolve following Juukan Gorge destruction', July. Available at: https://nit.com.au/01-08-2025/19398/relationship-between-rio-tinto-traditional-owners-continues-to-evolve-following-juukan-gorge-destruction (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[36] Parliament of the commonwealth of Australia. (2020). Never Again. Cultural Heritage.org. Available at: Never Again (Accessed: 17 January 2026)

^[37] Parliament of Australia. (2025). A Way Forward Report. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Former_Committees/Northern_Australia_46P/CavesatJuukanGorge/Report (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[38] National Indigenous Times. (2025). 'Indigenous policy at one of its lowest points, Uluru Dialogue co-chair warns', June. Available at: https://nit.com.au/04-06-2025/18357/indigenous-policy-at-one-of-its-lowest-points-uluru-dialogue-co-chair-warns (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[39] ANU Reporter. (2025). 'A new era for Indigenous gender justice', ANU Reporter. Available at: https://reporter.anu.edu.au/all-stories/a-new-era-for-indigenous-gender-justice (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[40] Lowitja Institute. (2025). 'Lowitja: a life of leadership and legacy', February. Available at: https://www.lowitja.org.au/news/lowitja-a-life-of-leadership-and-legacy-2/ (Accessed: 16 January 2026).

^[41] Wiyi Yani U Thangani (2025) Wiyi Yani U Thangani. Available at: https://www.wiyiyaniuthangani.com.au (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

[41] National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women's Alliance. (2025). NATSIWA. Available at: https://natsiwa.org.au (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[42] Ibid.

^[43] National Indigenous Times. (2025). 'Our voices must be heard and they will be heard: Uluru Dialogue youth delegation to present at UN', July. Available at: https://nit.com.au/04-07-2025/18930/our-voices-must-be-heard-and-they-will-be-heard-uluru-dialogue-youth-delegation-to-present-at-un (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[44] Bank Australia. (2025). Seed climate partnership. Available at: https://www.bankaust.com.au/seed-climate-partnership (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[45] National Indigenous Times. (2025). 'National Indigenous Youth Education Coalition Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Student Congress', September. Available at: https://nit.com.au/21-09-2025/20355/national-indigenous-youth-education-coalition-Aboriginal-and-Torres-Strait-Islander-Student-Congress (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[46] Wiyi Yani U Thangani Institute for First Nations Gender Justice (2025). Newsletter – May 2025. Available at: https://www.wiyiyaniuthangani.com.au/resources/newsletter-may-2025 (Accessed: 2 February)

^[47] Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). (2025). 'Australia: UN Working Group raises major concerns about detention of Indigenous people', December. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/12/australia-un-working-group-raises-major-concerns-about-detention-indigenous (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[48] UN News. (2022). 'UN Human Rights Committee: Australia violated Torres Strait Islanders' rights to culture', 23 September. Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1127761 (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[49] Human Rights Law Centre. (2025). UN Human Rights Committee finds Australia violated Torres Strait Islanders' human rights over climate inaction, July. Available at: https://www.hrlc.org.au/case-summaries/un-human-rights-committee-finds-australia-violated-torres-strait-islanders-human-rights-over-climate-inaction/ (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

^[50] International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. (2025). “UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples”, April. Available at: https://iwgia.org/en/un-special-rapporteur-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples/5720-iw-2025-unsrip.html (Accessed: 16 January 2026)

Tags: Global governance