The Indigenous World 2024: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992 to tackle climate change. In 2015, the UNFCCC adopted the Paris Agreement, a universal agreement to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. The goal of the Paris Agreement is to hold “...the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C...” (Art. 2a).[1]
The UNFCCC recognizes that achieving sustainable development requires the active participation of all sectors of society. Nine “constituencies” are therefore recognized as the main channels through which broad participation is facilitated in UN activities related to sustainable development.
Indigenous Peoples constitute one of these major groups and thereby exercise an influential role in global climate negotiations. The Indigenous Peoples’ constituency is organized in the International Indigenous Peoples’ Forum on Climate Change (IIPFCC), which serves as a mechanism for developing the common positions and statements of Indigenous Peoples, and for undertaking effective lobbying and advocacy work at UNFCCC meetings and sessions.
The Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform (LCIPP) under the UNFCCC has been gradually operationalized over the last eight years since its establishment in 2015. Beginning with an agreement on LCIPP’s functions and purpose in 2018, progress advanced with the creation of a Facilitative Working Group (FWG) – the first constituted body under the UNFCCC with equal representation between Indigenous Peoples and Member States. The FWG will undergo a review in 2024 with the aim of renewing its mandate and adopting its third, three-year workplan at the 29th Conference of the Parties (COP 29).
The LCIPP raised the expectations of Indigenous Peoples who, given the non-recognition of their nationhood, predominantly by Member States, are trapped between the convention state/non-state binary and therefore not fully accommodated within the legal framework of the UNFCCC. Their inherent, collective right to self-determination as Peoples, reaffirmed in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), necessitates a space at the negotiation table alongside Member States. As it is still early days for the LCIPP, at least in UN terms, it remains to be seen whether the influence and direct participation of Indigenous Peoples at the UNFCCC will be elevated above that of civil society.
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) hosted and presided over the 28th Conference of the Parties (COP 28)[2] in Dubai from 30 November - 13 December 2023. COP 28 was the largest in history by a wide margin, as over 85,000 participants, 34,000 more than COP 27, including Indigenous Peoples, party representatives, leaders, media, and civil society, attended.[3] Heralded as the “unprecedented” COP, Dr. Sultan Al Jaber, the COP President pushed Parties, businesses, and civil society to be laser focused on keeping 1.5°C in reach through climate finance and stronger language on fossil fuels, amongst other topics.
During the COP, however, it broke that Dr. Al Jaber was using his role to push countries for fossil fuel partnerships with the UAE,[4] re-igniting early concerns of a conflict of interest due to his role as Chief Executive Officer of the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC).[5] At the same time, preparation for the event was overshadowed by renewed regional tensions between Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories, both in Gaza and the West Bank.[6]
2023 was marked as the hottest year on record, with extreme weather affecting every corner of the world,[7] including: the deadliest fire season on record, with over 15 million hectares of wildfires burning across Canada[8] and in Europe, including in Greece, which experienced the largest wildfire in the European Union;[9] and severe flooding in Libya, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Rwanda.[10] Our collective emissions reduction trajectory continues to trend in the wrong direction, albeit slower than in previous years: the annual Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) Synthesis Report, produced by the UNFCCC Secretariat, confirmed that current NDCs will increase emissions less (by 8.6 % instead of 10.6%) by 2030. However, the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warns of the imperative of reducing global emissions by 43% by 2030, compared to 2019 levels.[11] This resulted in both the UNFCCC Executive Secretary and COP 28 President calling for faster implementation to keep warming under 1.5°C.
At COP 28, Indigenous Peoples’ presence continued to grow, showing up with more delegates than COP 27 spread across the seven UN socio-cultural regions. This growing representation and presence of Indigenous Peoples is powerful; however, barriers remain to translate the Indigenous advocacy into COP decision texts that reflect their demands. Work remains to translate the vital messages and recommendations from Indigenous Peoples into COP decisions that uphold Indigenous Peoples’ rights, Indigenous knowledge systems, and Indigenous leadership on the ground.
COP 28: ‘Unite[d], act[ed], deliver[ed]’?
After COP 28, the World Leader’s Summit was cemented as a key part of COP programming, following in the footsteps of COP 26 and COP 27. The UAE government hosted their version of the event, welcoming 156 Heads of State and Government. The event, however, raised eyebrows again when a “family photo” demonstrated an absence of gender representation, being dominated by male leaders.[12] The opportunity for Indigenous Peoples and civil society to participate was improved, allowing members from the nine constituencies to witness and, in some cases participate, in the discussions, although this participation remains a far cry from appropriate representation.
The Presidency has been extremely positive about the “UAE Consensus” outcome, especially the mobilization of (approximately) USD 85 billion (approx. EUR 79 billion) in funding, including the replenishment of the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the Adaptation Fund, and the new Loss and Damage Finance Facility (‘Finance Facility’).[13] The event was hosted at Expo City,[14] a large venue built to host the 2020 World Expo, solving many of the problems from Sharm El-Sheikh (where COP 27 was held) such as access to food, water, and Internet speeds. Most Pavilions (over 150) and side-events took place in stand-alone buildings, creating a distinct atmosphere to previous COPs, and preventing some of the foot traffic that previous COPs had benefitted from. In a similar context to COP 27, Indigenous Peoples and civil society held their annual march for climate justice inside the blue zone.
One of the fastest decisions in COP history took place during the opening plenary of COP 28. The new Finance Facility was officially operationalized and received several pledges from Parties, reaching USD 661 million (approx. EUR 615 million) by the end of the COP.[15] The speed of the decision was largely a result of work by the Transitional Committee, a body of State Parties created to support the operationalization of the Finance Facility. However, Indigenous Peoples were concerned with the process, including the decision for the World Bank (an institution with a poor track record of protecting Indigenous Peoples’ rights) to act as interim host, and the absence of solutions to address the dichotomization of Indigenous Peoples between north and south. The decision empowers the proposed new Board of the Finance Facility to work out the details of the fund: a key area of advocacy for Indigenous Peoples in the coming year. On the related Santiago Network,[16] the institutional home was decided – the UN Offices for Disaster Risk Reduction and Project Services – and Indigenous Peoples are working to nominate their representative to the advisory body.[17]
The second, more substantial discussion was that of the Global Stock Take. Following an 18-month technical phase, COP 28 shifted towards political negotiations on whether Parties were doing enough to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement. The discussions were challenging, requiring the active intervention of the Presidency to convene “Majlis”, an Emirate tradition, to bring together Ministers and negotiators, as well as conduct bilateral meetings seeking common ground on contentious topics, such as mitigation, adaptation, climate finance, just transition, and loss and damage. The final decision represented a step forward in some ways, such as a commitment to triple renewable energy and double energy efficiency.
The big debate surrounding the Global Stock Take decision text was on language related to fossil fuels and their role in the solutions moving forward. The eventual language, having evolved from earlier options with language on an orderly and just phase-out of fossil fuels to “transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy systems, in a just, orderly, and equitable manner…”, received mixed reviews but is the first global “commitment” to transition away from fossil fuels. It is, however, quickly followed by a paragraph focused on the role that transitional fuels play in facilitating the transition and ensuring energy security, questioning Parties’ sincerity.
For Indigenous Peoples, however, the Global Stock Take decision text was an improvement on the COP 27 outcome, as references to Indigenous Peoples increased to nine, including references to Indigenous Peoples’ rights (in the preamble), Indigenous knowledge and values, and the contributions of Indigenous Peoples at national levels. A key priority of Indigenous Peoples was the separating out of Indigenous Peoples and local communities, as called for by the UN mechanisms dedicated to Indigenous Peoples.[18] This was largely successful in the decision.
Other important areas of negotiation for Indigenous Peoples included the ongoing negotiations on Article 6 where Indigenous Peoples, alongside civil society advocates, were successful in sending back both Article 6.2 and Article 6.4 to the Supervisory Body in advance of negotiations in June 2024. On Article 6.8 (non-market mechanisms), a web-based platform was agreed, and more work was recommended in advance of the 5th meeting of the Glasgow Committee. Four negotiations related to adaptation were important, albeit contentious, discussions with only the Global Goal on Adaptation having been operationalized (the others, including the report of the Adaptation Committee and National Adaptation Plans were pushed back until June 2024). The Global Goal on Adaptation decision provided a set of directions and frameworks, including some targets, to inform the long-term implementation of transformational adaptation, taking into account science and the worldviews and values of Indigenous Peoples. Other relevant decisions included the mitigation ambition and implementation work programme, just transition, and the Standing Committee on Finance in advance of the review of the new collective finance goal at COP 29.[19]
Indigenous Peoples: growing representation in the UNFCCC
Taking a page from COP 27, Indigenous Peoples’ presence was front and centre in discussions. A productive relationship with the COP 28 Presidency emerged naturally, including a special relationship with the UN Climate Change High-Level Champion, Ms Razan Al Mubarak, who hosted three events in New York City during the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and the UN General Assembly. This relationship, in combination with the growing institutional credibility from the second workplan of the Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform (LCIPP), supported the representation and status afforded to Indigenous Peoples. In partnership with the UNFCCC Secretariat and the COP Presidency, another Indigenous Peoples Pavilion was hosted in the blue zone (again funded with support from NDN Collective), and a space for ceremony was created in the green zone.
The pavilion was hosted in an existing, stand-alone building, grouped under Energy, Finance, Urbanization, and Indigenous Peoples. While many Indigenous Peoples treated it as a home base, the location was not central. That said, the pavilion had a large presentation area, with a separate seating area for elders and other Indigenous representatives. Over two weeks, nearly 70 events organized by regional days, representing hundreds of Indigenous Nations from over 25 countries, shared presentations, panel discussions, film screenings, and songs to showcase their initiatives on climate change adaptation and mitigation. Learning from previous COPs, the full suite of presentations was live-streamed and can be found on the stand-alone website.[20]
On 2 December, the International Indigenous Youth Forum on Climate Change, a working group of the Indigenous Peoples’ constituency dedicated to creating space and supporting Indigenous youth from the seven UN socio-cultural regions, was officially launched. In addition, Indigenous Peoples had a focused day (5 December) where several high-level meetings were hosted, including a Presidency Dialogue with the COP President, discussions with Indigenous youth, and a closed-door meeting with US Special Presidential Envoy for Climate, John Kerry.
Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform
2023 was the halfway point in the second workplan of the LCIPP. In true UNFCCC fashion, this meant that much of the Facilitative Working Group’s (FWG) work was dedicated to both implementing the nine activities and reviewing progress to propose the third three-year workplan. In preparation for each FWG meeting, the UNFCCC Secretariat continued the tradition of “Informal Dialogues with Contributors” to support the full and effective participation of Indigenous contributors.
FWG 9 was held over four days from 30 May to 3 June in Bonn, Germany, marking the first meeting after the body’s retreat in January, adopting a new vision and strategy statement.[21] Similar to the year before, members elected new Co-Chairs and Vice-Chairs (two Indigenous representatives and two State representatives, respectively) for a one-year term.[22] Following this election, the meeting opened with its new agenda approach, providing more time for contributors to input to the various agenda items being discussed within the UNFCCC. Tangibly, this included regional break-out discussions on the Global Stock Take, Global Goal on Adaptation, and initial discussions on the upcoming workplan. Other topics included the FWG review, which will place in 2024 at COP 29, ongoing discussions with representatives from constituted bodies and other relevant organizations, such as the IPCC and GCF, and proposed decision points.[23] For more detail on the GCF, please refer to the GCF Chapter in this Indigenous World.
Two regional knowledge holder gatherings were hosted: the Arctic Gathering from 2-5 October in Kirkenes, Norway;[24] and the Pacific Gathering from 16-20 October in Port Douglas, Australia.[25] In Australia, the gathering focused on uplifting Pacific Indigenous impacts and strategies for climate change, including a cultural immersion with the Kuku Yalanji people. In Norway, the gathering was hosted in partnership with the Arctic Council and focused on Indigenous Peoples’ activities and climate research; safeguarding the Arctic region for future generations; and building ethical climate action that upholds rights and intergenerational equity. The bi-regional gathering, hosted by the North American and Latin American and Caribbean regions, continues to experience challenges, having been delayed for an indeterminate time.
FWG 10 took place in Dubai, UAE, from 25-28 November. The event had the highest FWG registration in history with over 300 participants, although only 150 attended the event. Following a ceremonial opening, the meeting was opened by the UN Climate Change High-Level Champion, Ms Razan Al Mubarak, and transitioned into a discussion about the Arctic and Pacific regional gatherings. The meeting followed a similar approach to that of FWG 9, using regional break-out discussions to assess the implementation of current activities and prepare the third three-year workplan.[26] On the final day, many Indigenous contributors left to attend the Indigenous Peoples Preparatory Caucus, hosted at Zayed University.
The third annual gathering of Indigenous knowledge keepers built on the momentum from the second gathering, and 35 representatives from each of the seven socio-cultural regions travelled to Dubai to discuss their experiences, teachings, and reflections.[27] The session included a full-day preparatory meeting followed by a second meeting with States, constituted bodies, and other NGOs. The Co-Leads will again prepare a summary of the recommendations, which tangibly demonstrated the leadership that Indigenous Peoples show on all elements of climate action, proposing new ways, such as an Ethical Protocol for the Ethical Engagement of Indigenous Knowledge Systems, of work for the UNFCCC.
A day later, an all-day, Indigenous youth roundtable was held.[28] This was the second roundtable of its kind, creating a safe space for Indigenous youth through regional roundtables in order to share what is happening in their territories and communicating their experience to other Indigenous youth. The event was moderated by Onel Inanadinia Masardule, Skw'akw'as Dunstan-Moore, and Viktor Sulyandziga. Participants presented a series of recommendations to Parties and relevant constituted bodies to improve the meaningful participation of Indigenous youth. A multi-stakeholder open dialogue focused on Indigenous sciences, technologies, and innovations in adaptation and mitigation, as well as a focused discussion on Indigenous curriculum.
COP 29: moving north to Baku, Azerbaijan
Without a doubt, Indigenous Peoples continue to make progress, increasing their presence and creating unique spaces in colonial institutions that were built on their exclusion, despite frustration at decisions not adequately reflecting their advocacy in decisions. The LCIPP continues to be one such space.
Looking forward, Indigenous Peoples will bring these perspectives to Azerbaijan, where another former oil executive and current Minister of Ecology and Natural Resources, Mukhtar Babayev, has been announced as COP 29 President-Designate.[29] It is abundantly clear, however, that the leadership of Indigenous Peoples takes place on the ground in partnership with our knowledge keepers, women, youth, and gender-diverse individuals, rather than at the COP. This is the only way that Indigenous Peoples can continue to push for transformative, decolonial, and just change in the face of status quo incrementalism at the UNFCCC.
Graeme Reed is Anishinaabe from the Great Lakes (Wiikwemkoong Unceded Territory), with mixed ancestry from England, Scotland and Germany. He works at the Assembly of First Nations leading their involvement in federal and international climate policy, including as Indigenous North American Representative of the Facilitative Working Group on Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform. He holds a PhD from the University of Guelph.
Stefan Thorsell is Climate Adviser at the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA). In partnership with Indigenous Peoples’ representatives, he engages in international climate advocacy at the UNFCCC. In addition to his published contributions on Indigenous Peoples’ rights, he has published research on the peace process in Colombia.
This article is part of the 38th edition of The Indigenous World, a yearly overview produced by IWGIA that serves to document and report on the developments Indigenous Peoples have experienced. The photo above is of an Indigenous man harvesting quinoa in Sunimarka, Peru. This photo was taken by Pablo Lasansky, and is the cover of The Indigenous World 2024 where this article is featured. Find The Indigenous World 2024 in full here
Notes and references
[1] UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). “The Paris Agreement.” Accessed 19 January 2024. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement
[2] COP 28 UAE website: www.cop28.com
[3] The UNFCCC Secretariat released the official list of participants who picked up their badges, including 83,884 in person and 2,089 online. More about the full list, including the 97,372 who were registered, and an Excel file with specific participants, can be found here: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. “List of participants.” 22 December 2023. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cp2023_inf03.pdf
[4] Bakx, Kyle. “COP28 host used climate talks to push for oilpatch deals, including in Canada.” CBC News, 27 November 2023. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bakx-cop28-oilpatch-al-jaber-dubai-1.7040913
[5] For example, former Vice-President Al Gore raised concerns: Lotz, Avery and Forrest, Jack. “Al Gore calls UAE hosting COP28 ‘ridiculous,’ slams oil CEO appointed to lead climate talks.” CNN, 11 December 2023. https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/10/politics/cnntv-al-gore-cop28-uae-climate-trump/index.html
[6] Israel’s disproportionate response to the October 7 horrific attack by Hamas has killed, at the time of writing, over 29,000, and displaced over 2.2 million Palestinians in Gaza. South Africa applied to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to indict Israel for its genocidal assault on Gaza, in contravention of the Genocide Convention. The full submission by South Africa can be found here, documenting the events preceding and following October 7: https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20231228-app-01-00-en.pdf. The ICJ decided to issue several provisional measures, outlined here: Order of 26 January 2024 (icj-cij.org), to instruct Israel to take all measures within its power to prevent the commission of acts within the scope of Article II of the Genocide Convention.
[7] World Meteorological Organization. “Provisional State of the Global Climate 2023.” 16 November 2023. https://wmo.int/sites/default/files/2023-11/WMO%20Provisional%20State%20of%20the%20Global%20Climate%202023.pdf
[8] Government of Canada. “Canada’s record-breaking wildfires in 2023: A fiery wake-up call.” 8 September 2023. https://natural-resources.canada.ca/simply-science/canadas-record-breaking-wildfires-2023-fiery-wake-call/25303
[9] Atmosphere Monitoring Service. “2023: A year of intense global wildfire activity.” 12 December 2023. https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/2023-year-intense-global-wildfire-activity
[10] World Meteorological Organization. “Significant weather and climate events in 2023.” December 2023.
https://wmo.int/sites/default/files/2023-12/Supplement.pdf
[11] UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). “New Analysis of National Climate Plans: Insufficient Progress Made, COP 28 Must Set Stage for Immediate Action.” 14 November 2023. https://unfccc.int/news/new-analysis-of-national-climate-plans-insufficient-progress-made-cop28-must-set-stage-for-immediate
[12] The World Leader’s Summit picture can be found here: COP 28 UAE Twitter, 1 December 2023. https://twitter.com/COP28_UAE/status/1730498740736127485/photo/1
[13] COP 28. “The UAE Consensus Forward.” https://www.cop28.com/en/the-uae-consensus-foreword
[14] https://www.expocitydubai.com/en/
[15] For the decision on operationalizing the Loss and Damage Finance Facility, see here: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). “Matters relating to finance.” 29 November 2023. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cp2023_L01_cma2023_L01E.pdf. For the investments in the Facility, see: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). “Fund for responding to loss and damage.” https://unfccc.int/loss-and-damage-fund-joint-interim-secretariat.
[16] The Santiago Network is designed to” …catalyze the technical assistance of relevant organizations, bodies, networks and experts, for the implementation of relevant approaches for averting, minimize and addressing L&D at the local, national and regional level, in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.” For more, see here: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). “About the Santiago Network.” https://unfccc.int/santiago-network/about
[17] For more about the Santiago Network Advisory Body text, see here: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). “Santiago network for averting, minimizing and addressing loss and damage under the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts.” https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma4_auv_7_WIM.pdf
[18] UN Human Rights Special Procedures. “Statement by the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, and the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.” Geneva, July 2023. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/indigenouspeoples/emrip/Statement_EMRIP_July_2023.pdf
[19] The full list of decision texts can be found here: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). “Outcomes of the Dubai Climate Change Conference - Advance Unedited Versions (AUVs) and list of submissions from the sessions in Dubai.” https://unfccc.int/cop28/outcomes
[20] IIPFCC Pavilion. “Livestream.” Accessed 19 January 2023. https://www.iipfccpavilion.org/livestream
[21] The updated Vision and Strategy Statement includes: FWG, in implementing the three functions of the LCIPP, strives to elevate the leadership role of Indigenous Peoples and local communities in the collective effort toward transformative climate policies and actions by: i) upholding a rights-based approach, ii) ethically and equitably engaging Indigenous values and worldviews, (such as stewardship of and living in harmony with Mother Earth to ensure its enduring integrity for all life forms today and in the future), and perspectives from local communities; and iii) fostering full and effective participation of Indigenous Peoples and local communities in achieving the objectives of the Convention, Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement. It can be found here: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). “Facilitative Working Group of the Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform Vision and Strategy Statement.” 3 June 2023. https://lcipp.unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2023-06/FWG%20Vision_FINAL.pdf
[22] Gunn-Britt Retter (representing the UN Indigenous sociocultural region of Arctic) and Tiana Carter (representing the UN regional group of Western Europe and other States) were elected as Co-Chairs, and Cathryn Eatock (representing the UN Indigenous sociocultural region of Pacific) and Walter Gutierrez (representing the UN regional group of Latin America and the Caribbean (GRULAC) were elected as Vice Co-Chairs.
[23] A full set of outcomes from FWG 9 can be found here: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). “Co-Chair’s Note Summarizing Decisions 9th Meeting of the Facilitative Working Group.” 3 June 2023. Co-Chairs' Note Summarizing Decisions FWG 9_FINAL.pdf (unfccc.int)
[24] The draft Agenda for the Arctic Regional Gathering can be found here: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). “Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform and Arctic Council Joint Regional Gathering for the Arctic Region.” October 2023. https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Flcipp.unfccc.int%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2023-10%2F04%2520Oct_Draft%2520Programme_LCIPP%2520and%2520ARCTIC%2520COUNCIL%2520Joint%2520Regional%2520Gathering%2520for%2520the%2520Arctic%2520Region%2520-%2520Copy_0.docx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK
[25] The Agenda for the Pacific Regional Gathering can be found here: Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform. “Pacific Regional Gathering.” October 2023. https://lcipp.unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2023-10/Agenda%20LCIPP%20Regional%20Gathering_Pacific_1910.pdf
[26] A full set of outcomes from FWG 10 can be found in the Co-Chairs note: Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform. “Co-Chairs’ Summary Note of Decisions from the 10th Meeting of the Facilitative Working Group.” 28 November 2023. https://lcipp.unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2024-01/FWG%2010%20Co-Chairs%20Note%20of%20Decisions_Webportal.pdf
[27] Several days in advance of the Indigenous knowledge holders gathering, the Co-Leads, Dr. Majid Shafiepour, Ms Cathy Eatock, and Dr. Graeme Reed, released a summary of the Second Annual Gathering hosted in Sharm El-Sheikh: Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform. “Co-Leads Summary of Second Annual Gathering of Knowledge Holders.” https://lcipp.unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2023-12/Co-Leads%20Summary%20of%20LCIPP%20Annual%20Gathering%20of%20Knowledge%20Holders.pdf
[28] Days in advance of the Indigenous youth roundtable, the Co-Leads, Ms Gunn-Britt Retter, Ms Daria Egereva, and Dr. Graeme Reed, released a summary of the Roundtable hosted in Sharm El-Sheikh: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). “Co-Leads Summary of Annual Youth Roundtable of Indigenous Youth and Youth from Local Communities.” https://lcipp.unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2023-11/Co-Leads%20Summary%20of%20LCIPP%20Youth%20Annual%20Roundtable%20Summary%20and%20Report_final.pdf
[29] Arasu, Sibi. “Azerbaijan names a former oil exec to lead climate talks. Activists have concerns.” Associated Press, 5 January 2024. https://apnews.com/article/cop29-climate-change-azerbaijan-babayev-db087ba247d7c2e3b1ae9bf23cf9926c
Tags: Youth, Business and Human Rights , Global governance, Climate, International Processes
